Transcript Document

Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the
huamn mnid deos not
raed ervey lteter by
istlef, but the word as a
wlohe. Amzanig, huh?
Introspection

Looking inward at one’s own
mental processes.

“Self-Evaluation”
Because it is not objective, it fails
miserably.
 “No, I don’t have a problem…”

Structuralism



Analysis of sensations, images, and
feelings into their most basic
elements.
Why do we feel sad?
What makes us angry?
Functionalism

The brain and mind are constantly
changing



What makes us change?
The study of how mental processes can
help animals and people adapt to their
environments
The focus is placed upon actions rather
than thoughts
Behaviorism



Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936.
Russian experimenter who showed
automatic/involuntary behavior in
learned responses to specific
stimuli in the environment.
Father: “Classical Conditioning.”

“Pavlov’s Dogs”
Behaviorism
John Watson, 1913.
 Psychology can never be as
objective as chemistry or
biology. Consciousness is not
that easy.
 “I can take a child and make him
into anything, a beggar, a doctor,
a thief.”

Behaviorism


B.F. Skinner, 1950’s.
Believed that all behavior is a result of
rewards and punishments in the past.

We are more likely to be successful at
something if we are positively
rewarded for our behavior.
Behavioristic Theory


Social Learning Theory: People
acquire new behaviors by observing
and imitating others (modeling).
Mr. Lynch and “Rotten Children”
Psychoanalytic Theory


All behavior is meaningful, and
much of it is controlled by
digging below the surface to
uncover the roots of
personality.
Structuralism or Functionalism?
Psychoanalytic Theory


Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939.
Became convinced that patients
difficulties were due to mental rather
than physical problems.
 problems that dated back to childhood.
Psychoanalytic Theory

Interpretation of Dreams, 1900.
Sold 600 copies in 8 years; today sells
millions every year.

Aggressive energy: Basic human instinct is lodged in
unconscious
 the duty of society is to get people to channel
their aggressive energy into productive activity.
 If not, aggression is released and violent activities
occur.
Humanistic Theory (1950’s-60’s)


Emphasizes free-will
People are able to control one’s
own choices and destinies to
achieve full human potential.
Humanistic Theory


Abraham Maslow:
-Hierarchy of Needs:
People’s struggle is to be
the best they possibly can,
known as self-actualization.
Carl Rogers: Former minister;
believed all people strive for
perfection; some interrupted
by a bad environment.
--
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs





Self-Actualization
Esteem
Love
Safety
Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
MOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITH
SURVIVAL PHYSICALLY AND
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUAL
CANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVEL
UNLESS NEEDS BELOW ARE
SATISFIED
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
FOR
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF
ACTUALIZATION IS
A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME
MOTIVATION
SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS
ACTUALIZING
ONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE IS
CAPABLE OF BECOMING
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
SELFACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Nobody can do
everything,
but we can nearly
all do more than
we think we can
Biopsychological


Nervous System: Responsible for our
behavior; Specifically abnormal and
immediate responses.
Ignores mental processes. Explains too little
of human behavior, rejects environmental
influences.
Cognitive Theory

Know what’s going on in people’s heads first,
then apply it to their behavior.


(Structuralism before Functionalism)
Jean Piaget: studied children’s
cognitive development.

Understand how children think so
we can apply it to adulthood
Sociocultural Psychology



Examines how cultural, political and
religious experiences effect our everyday
life.
Gender influences our behavior.
Job opportunities can influence people’s
goals and ambitions.
Sociocultural Psychology


It is NOT intrapsychic:
 Within the mind or self.
Cultural Values/Political Systems:
 How social influences affect behavior.
The 4 Goals of Psychology





Regardless of the School of Thought, the goals
are the same
Description of behavior being studied
Explanation of why we act as we do
Prediction of how we think in certain
situations
Influence behavior in helpful ways