Transcript Folie 1

Investigations on vegetable oil conversion
by deoxygenation and cracking for the use
as alternative biofuels
International Conference
on Technology Transfer and Renewable Energy 2012
21 - 22 June 2012, Mauritius
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction and background
Conversion of vegetable oil (VO) into liquid hydrocarbons
Properties of cracked vegetable oil (CVO)
Achievements and outlook
Diesel fuel
Vegetable
oil
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Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Introduction and background
•
•
Increase in the world‘s energy demand over the years:
The world‘s global primary energy demand grew by 5 % in 2010
Rising interest in environmental issues and climate change
→ EU has set a biofuel quota of 20 % in the transport sector by 2020
→ Alternative, renewable sources of energy are becoming more important
(Senol, O. I., et al., 2005)
•
Renewable energy sources used to produce biofuel:
 Starch-/sugar-based biomass (sugarcane, corn)
 Lignocellulosic biomass (wood, straw)
(Huber, G.W., et al., 2006)
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(World Energy Agency, 2011)
Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Thermal conversion of vegetable oils (VO) into biofuels
One step processes (state of the art):
1st Generation of
VO-Biofuels
2nd Generation of
VO-Biofuels
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Transesterification
a) Pyrolysis or
b) Hydroprocessing
Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Biodiesel = FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)
NERD
(Non-Ester Renewable
Diesel)
HUAS approach for the conversion of vegetable oil
Conversion of vegetable oil into NERD through two step processing
• 1st Step: Thermal conversion of VO to CVO
- Deoxygenation, cracking
• 2nd Step: Upgrading,
- Fractionation, hydrogenation
Aims:
• Production of a chemically identical diesel fuel (NERD)
• Collection of kinetic data to simulate the thermal conversion
• Reduction of the process energy demand
• Design of a local concept for fuel production
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Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Research project
Vegetable oil
Pure hydrocarbons
CVO
1st step:
Thermal cracking &
Deoxygenation
2nd step:
Fractionation,
Hydroprocessing
Conversion of VO into CVO
→ Investigation of converting VO in CVO under ambient pressure without catalyst at
high temperatures
→ CVO = Unique product, produced via reactive distillation
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Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
1st step: Experimental test plant for VO conversion
M
TIRC
sump
sampling
TIR
steam
pipe
condenser
head
gas
exhaustion
nitrogen
TIRC
membrane
pump
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TIRC
heater
head 1
heater
head 2
Reactor
TIRC
TIRC
heater
sump 1
heater
sump 2
TIR
TIR
sump 1
sump 2
Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
condensate
1st step
Yield of cracked vegetable oil (CVO)
1st step
Vegetable
oil
Energy content (LHV)
37.0 MJ/kg
HUAS
test plant
70-80 wt-%
CVO
Energy content (LHV)
40.5 to 41.5 MJ/kg
(2nd step)
Diesel fuel
Energy content (LHV)
42.5 MJ/kg
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Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Analysis: Experimental study with vegetable oil
Distillation ranges
450
Distillation range biodiesel [d]
Temperature [°C]
400
DistillationDiesel
range
diesel
Siedeverlauf
nach
[1]
350
300
[a]
Siedeverlauf
Diesel nach
[2]
Distillation"schwerer"
range "heavy"
diesel
250
[b]
200
150
Siedeverlauf
nach
[2]
DistillationDiesel
range
diesel
[b]
DistillationDiesel
range
diesel
Siedeverlauf
nach
[3]
[c]
100
Siedeverlauf
DistillationProdukt
rangeV053
of palm oil
50
product
0
0
25
50
75
100
DistillationProdukt
rangeV047
of crude
Siedeverlauf
rapeseed oil product
Distilled volume [vol.-%]
[a] Mohlenhauer; Handbuch Dieselmotoren, VDI, 2001
[b] Mitosovu, Englin, Nikolaeva, Veretennikova; Diesel Fuel with higher dest. range, chem. and tech. of Fuels and Oils, 17 (11), 610-614, Spr., 1981
[c] Aral Aktiengesellschaft; Dieselkraftstoff, Fachreihe Forschung und Technik, Bochum, 1995
[d] Taupp; study project „Biodiesel“, Bavarian Julius-Mayimilians-University Würzburg, 2001
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Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Analysis: Experimental study with vegetable oil
CVO compared to DIN EN 590 (Diesel)
DIN EN 590
CVO
rapeseed oil
CVO
palm oil
Unit
Cetane number
min. 51
61.7
58
-
Density (15 °C)
820-845
843.2
799.6
kg/m³
max. 0.01
<0.001
<0.001
wt%
Group 1
Group 1
Group 1
Corrosion cat.
Ash content
Corrosion on Cu
25
3
1
CVOmax.
needs
further
treatment
max. 460
295
249
for
the use as
pure biofuel
Oxidation stability
Lubicity
µm
Viscosity (40 °C)
2.0-4.5
3.8
2.2
mm²/s
Flash point
min. 55
21
22
°C
n.s.
68
33
mg KOH/g
Distilled at 250 °C
max. 65
25
37
vol.-%
Distilled at 350 °C
min. 85
84
96
vol.-%
346
°C
Acid number
10
g/m³
Faculty of Life Sciences
Department
Engineering
Distillation
of | 95
% Processmax.
360
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
373
V047
Upgrading
11
•
Adaption of the distillation range
 Cut-off the low boiling substances via distillation
 Cut -off the high boiling substances via vacuum distillation
•
Hydroprocessing experiments
 Two new high pressure/temperature reactors (autoclaves)
•
Application
 Motor test and collecting physical data as diesel blend or alternative diesel
Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Achievements and outlook
Achievements
 Characterization of CVO from VO
 Generation of a kinetic model for the
deoxygenation reactions
Outlook
• Experimental work
 Creation of a higher amount of data to evaluate
 Optimization of the kinetic model
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•
Upgrading projects
 Adaption of the distillation range
 Hydroprocessing experiments
•
Application: Motor tests
Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner
Thank you for your attention!
Contact: [email protected]
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Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering
Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner