Transcript Life Cycle Analysis

METODE LCA:
LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS
dalam
KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Diabstraksikan oleh: Nunuk L.H., N. Akhmad, E. Sunaryono, dan Soemarno
PSDL-PDKL-PPSUB Januari 2013
LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS
Analysis of Environmental, Financial
and Social Impacts throughout the Lifecycle of
Products and Processes
LCA
• The Concept of Environmental LCA
• Methodology of Environmental LCA;
• Goal and Scope
• Inventory Analysis
• Impact Assessment
• Interpretation
• Extending the scope of Environmental LCA;
• Economic LCA
• Social LCA
KONSEP LCA
• Products do no pollute, but their production,
use and disposal do!
• Product systems are composed of interrelated
processes
Life Cycle of Product Systems
(Source: USEPA, 2006. Life
Cycle Assessment: Principles and
Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report
no. 45268
KONSEP LCA
Some products have a dominating
environmental load in production, some in
use, some in disposal:
80
70
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Production
Use
Disposal
Production
Use
Disposal
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Production
Use
Disposal
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
books, furniture,
art etc.
cars, television, airco
etc.
Ni-Cd batteries,
household
chemicals, fireworks
etc.
KONSEP LCA
• Environmental LCA is the quantitative
assessment of environmental impacts of
products or processes over their life cycle.
 LCA is the analysis of the contribution of lifecycle
stages, product parts or processes to
environmental burden.
 LCA is often used to compare between products
or design alternatives.
• Applications of LCA:




Product improvement
Support for strategic choices
Benchmarking
External communication
KONSEP LCA
• LCA is a model of a complex reality!
• …of an average lifecycle of a mass
product
• …of the effect of all impacts that occur
• …of their interaction.
• Any model is a simplification of reality: If
you make a model, you must specify the
goal and scope describing why you want to
make the model.
METODOLOGI LCA
1. Goal and Scope definition
2. Inventory Analysis
3. Impact Assessment
4. Interpretation
Life cycle assessment framework
Goal
and scope
definition
Direct applications:
Inventory
analysis
Interpretation
-
Product development
and improvement
-
Strategic planning
-
Public policy making
-
Marketing
-
Other
Impact
assessment
The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO
14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006
METODOLOGI LCA
Questions:
• What is the intended application of the
LCA?
• How much effort do you want to invest?
• Who are interested parties?
• What methodology will you use?
 Why is a goal and scope definition
important?
–
–
–
–
guidance in data collection phase
communication base for data providers
reference for data quality management.
afterwards, to explain how choices have been
made during the various LCA phases.
METODOLOGI LCA
• Definition of functional unit, initial system
boundaries and procedural aspects
 Functional unit: comparison of products on the
basis of equivalent function, for example:
comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000
litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or
(b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of
comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
 Functional unit is basis for comparison
?
=
“Compare
environmental
impacts of
packaging of 1000
litres milk in carton
packages or glass
bottles”
METODOLOGI LCA
Definition of functional unit, initial system
boundaries and procedural aspects
1. System boundaries: definition of processes that
are included in the investigation, e.g. material
extraction, processing and transport; energy
production; disposal processes. Production of
capital goods (equipment used for production
and transportation) are often excluded from the
system. System boundaries are further defined
during the inventory process.
2. Procedural aspects: organizational
arrangements such as a critical review to
guarantee consistency, scientific validity,
transparency of the final report and how various
stakeholders will be involved in the process (LCA
is a participatory process)
METODOLOGI LCA:
INVENTORY
1. Also referred to as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
phase
2. Compiling and quantifying of inputs and
outputs
3. Collecting of data, determination of total
emissions and resource use
4. Detailed defining of product system and
economy-environment boundary. Only data
collection for processes that are controlled by
human beings (economic processes).
Examples: coal mining, electricity production,
controlled dumping of solid waste etc.
5. Visualizing connected processes in product
system
6. Scaling of available technical data (e.g. from
data libraries) to functional unit
7. Aggregating the inputs and outputs in
Inventory Table
METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory
Example of Product system and Inventory
Table
LCI table with
environmental
interventions
electricity
steel
plasti
c
production distribution
use
reus
e
recycling
incineration
Crude
oil from
earth
40000
kg
3500
dump
CO2 to
air
SO2 to
air
20 kg
NOx to
air
100 kg
Cd to
water
5g
PAH to
water
8 kg
Etc.
…….
METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory
Difficulties:
• Data availability and quality
 Data rarely available, usually special data
gathering studies needed
 Measurement procedures rarely standardized
• Geographic variations
 quality of raw materials/energy sources
 production methods
 relevant environmental impacts
• Technology
 Which type of electricity production?
 Salt Electrolysis with Mercury or Membrane
process?
 Oldest, average or modern Waste Incineration
Plant?
METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory
Difficulties:
• Allocation of environmental interventions in case of
multiple output processes;
 Many processes are ‘multifunctional’ (e.g. coproduction, combined waste treatment.) and
interventions can be allocated to more outputs:
Electricity
production
Recycli
ng
Chlorine
Salt
electrolysis
Caustic Soda
•
Plastic
product
ion
Paint
product
ion
Plastic
bag
use
Old plastic
Recycling and reuse
• Allocation determined by number of reuse times
and fraction of materials that can be recycled at a
certain quality
METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
• Also referred to as Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
• Linkage (long) list of LCI results to environmental
impacts, like climate change, acidification, eco-toxic
impacts etc.
LCI result
Raw materials
Land use
CO2
VOS
P
SO2
NOx
CFC
Cd
PAH
DDT
Depletion
Land use
Climate change
Acidification
Eutrophication
Ecotoxicity
Humantoxicity
METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
• Steps: Characterization, Classification and
Normalization:
 Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact
category, e.g. CO2 and CH4 to climate change
 Multiply environmental interventions (resources,
emissions etc.) from LCI with a characterisation factor to
get indicator results
 Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the
indicator results and to get dimensionless score (useful
for comparison)
Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)
METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
Category indicators are quantifiable
representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined
according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99,
Impact 2002+ etc.)
Intervention
CO2
P
SO2
NO
x
Effect
Damage
Greenhouse
effect
Eutrophication
Acidification
DD
T
Dus
t
Pesticides
VOC
Summer smog
Cd
Heavy metals
PAH
CFC
Carconogenics
Damage to
Ecosystems
Indicator
Winter smog
Ozone layer
depl.
Damage to
human
health
METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
• A ‘high’ contribution to a certain impact category (a
high normalized score) does not automatically mean
an ‘important’ contribution  weighing of results is
needed
• Weighing is a valuation of results and thus a
normative process, depending on preferences of
researcher; which environmental impact is most
important?
• Procedure of LCIA according to ISO:
- Classification and characterisation are an
obligatory step.
- Normalisation is an optional step.
- Weighing is only permitted for internal decision
making, and not for comparison of products to the
public.
METODOLOGI LCA:
Interpretasi
• “Phase of life cycle assessment in which
the findings of either the inventory
analysis or the impact assessment, or
both, are combined consistent with the
defined goal and scope in order to reach
conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)
• To interpret an LCA, you must check the
goal and scope:
 Are the the general assumptions
reasonable?
 Is the functional unit well chosen?
 Are ISO standards applied?
 Has a peer review been conducted?
METODOLOGI LCA:
Interpretasi
• Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze
the impact of important choices or
assumptions
 What if other allocations are applied.
 What if other boundaries are applied.
 What if other impact assessment
method is used.
• By recalculating the LCA with other
assumptions, we can verify how the
conclusions connect with the
assumptions.
LCA diperluas:
1. LCA is often associated with
environmental impacts, but scope can be
extended to include economic and social
impacts.
2. Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing
(LCC);
Analysis of life cycle costs
3. Social LCA
Social impacts throughout life cycle of
products and processes
LCA diperluas:
• What are the costs and revenues
incured during the life cycle of a
product or process?
•
•
•
•
•
R&D
Production
Marketing
Sales
Etc.
• Sometimes external costs included as
well (costs that are ‘imposed’ on
society or the environment):
• Monetary valuation of environmental LCI
and LCIA results…but is it possible to
monetise all environmental services?
LCA diperluas:
• Social LCA analyses social impacts, such
as employment and health:




Job quality
Quality physical health
Quality social health
Earthly possessions
• Challenging to model social life cycle
impacts, because social conditions do
change more rapidly
 impacts from changes in employment conditions
may dissipate
 emotions resulting from changes disappear with
time
 diseases get cured
 people who are laid off may find new jobs)