Transcript CHAPTER 11 EXPANDING WEST
CHAPTER 11 EXPANDING WEST
SECTION 1
AMERICANS MOVE OUT WEST
Early 1800s – Americans moved out west by traveling on horseback, canoes, and wagon trains Companies moved west in search of more beaver fur (beaver population killed off in East)
Mountain men
– western fur traders and trappers from the Rocky Mountains hired by eastern companies Beaver fur went out of fashion and demand fell in the 1840s
WESTWARD EXPANSION MAP
OREGON TRAIL
1840s – easterners embarked on a trail that stretched 2,000 miles and lasted 6 months Trail stretched through the
Great Plains
from western
Missouri
to the
Oregon Territory
Pioneers had to deal with shortages of food and water, rough weather and geographic barriers (rivers and mountains) Many Native Americans were messengers and guides and traded food with the pioneers
OREGON COUNTRY AND TRAIL MAP
SANTA FE TRAIL
An important trade path to the West that ran from
Independence, Missouri
to
Santa Fe, New Mexico
American traders exchanged cloth for horses, mules, and silver with Mexican traders Lure of high profits encouraged traders to travel through hot deserts U.S. government sent troops to protect the traders from Native American attacks
SANTA FE TRAIL MAP
MORMONS
Joseph Smith
founded Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in New York (Mormons) Mormons were persecuted because of
polygamy
(one man married to several women at the same time) Mormons moved out West seeking religious freedom 1844 – anti-Mormon mob killed Smith
Brigham Young
became new leader and the Mormon Church settled in Salt Lake City, Utah
SECTION 2
FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO Y COSTILLA
Mexican priest led a rebellion of 80,000 poor Indians and mestizos His rebellion failed, but it inspired the Mexican independence movement 1821 – Mexico became independent
Empresarios
– agents hired by the Mexican government to bring settlers to Texas **Texas was part of Mexico at this time
FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO Y COSTILLA (in a glorious pose)
STEPHEN F. AUSTIN
He was an
empresario
who started a Texas colony on the lower Colorado River in 1822 Many people who lived in this colony disobeyed Mexican laws, such as bringing slaves Capital of Texas is named after Austin
ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA
Mexico’s leader Suspended Mexico’s republican constitution and turned his attention to the growing unrest in Texas
TEXAS DECLARES INDPENDENCE
March 2, 1836 – Texas declared independence from Mexico Texas is known as the “Lone Star State”
Sam Houston
led the Texas army Santa Anna was angry about the declaration and assembled a force of thousands
THE BATTLE OF THE ALAMO
February/March 1836 – 200 Texan rebels fought a huge force of Mexican troops at an abandoned mission called
The Alamo
near San Antonio Texan rebels led by
Colonel William Travis
and proclaimed, “Victory or death!”
James Bowie Davy Crockett
, a famous American folk hero, frontiersman, and Representative from Tennessee, fought and died at the Alamo Despite heavy Mexican losses, all the Texan defenders were killed
THE BATTLE OF THE ALAMO (Painting)
THE BATTLE OF THE ALAMO (Painting)
HEROES OF THE ALAMO
Colonel William Travis Davy Crockett Jim Bowie
THE ALAMO (MODERN-DAY PHOTO)
BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO
Texans led by
Sam Houston
April 1836 – Houston’s forces gained victory by surprising Mexican troops at San Jacinto (Texas) while they were sleeping Houston’s forces shouted the famous line,
“Remember the Alamo!”
as they attacked Santa Anna’s army was utterly destroyed in 18 minutes Mexican losses = 630 killed, 208 wounded, 730 captured Texan losses = 9 killed, 30 wounded
BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO (Painting)
AN INDEPENDENT TEXAS
Santa Anna
was captured at the Battle of San Jacinto and traded his life to sign a treaty that gave Texas its independence in 1836
Sam Houston
became President of Texas
President Jackson
refused to annex Texas as a state because he didn’t want to upset the balance between free and slave states Texas would have entered as a slave state 1840s –
President John Tyler
wanted to allow slavery in Texas, so his party, the
Whigs
, stopped supporting him June 1845 – Texas annexed as a state
MAP OF TEXAS
MANIFEST DESTINY
Many Americans believed it was their
destiny,
or
obvious fate
, to settle all the way to the Pacific Ocean They believed they were destined to expand their control over the continent in order to spread democracy There were debates if slavery should be allowed in the new territories
MANIFEST DESTINY PAINTING
JAMES K. POLK
11 th President Belonged to the Democratic Party He wanted to annex the
Oregon Country
Merchants would benefit from a Pacific port for trade with China He disagreed with Britain over how to draw the U.S.-Canadian border American expansionists created the slogan,
“Fifty-four forty of fight!”
54 °40' north latitude was the line they wanted their northern territory to extend to
CALIFORNIA UNDER MEXICO
Mexico controlled present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and California They changed Spanish policy in California by terminating the
mission system
(Spanish religious and trading settlements)
Californios
– Mexican colonists living in California
SECTION 3
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846-1847)
U.S. stated our border was farther south than the Mexicans claimed it was March 1846 –
General Zachary Taylor
crossed the
Rio Grande
, and a battle between U.S. and Mexican forces occurred As a result, President Polk said Mexican forces invaded our territory, so Congress declared war on Mexico U.S. Army was outnumbered, but had much better weapons and equipment 200,000 volunteers answered Polk’s call to fight because they wanted an adventure in a foreign land
RIO GRANDE MAP
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR PAINTING
BEAR FLAG REVOLT
A small group of Americans seized the town of
Sonoma
and fought
Californios
in June 1846 These Americans defied Mexico by claiming California was independent Fighting ended in 1847, but California was annexed as a state in 1850 and did not become an independent country
TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO
General Taylor’s forces crushed the Mexican military in Buena Vista in 1847
General Winfield Scott
crushed the strongest fortress in Mexico at Veracruz and captured the capital of Mexico City on September 14, 1847; Santa Anna fled
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
signed in February 1848 and it officially ended the war and it increased the size of the U.S. by almost 25 percent
GASDEN PURCHASE
U.S. paid Mexico $10 million in exchange for the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico (Southwest) It secured a southern route for a transcontinental railroad on southern soil
MEXICAN CESSION
Cession
= the act of giving up property or territory rights Some Mexican-Americans were very confused when white settlers poured into the
Southwest
since Mexican land laws were very different The different cultures did influence each other since Mexican and American holidays were celebrated in the
Southwest
SECTION 4
CALIFORNIA TRAIL
1830s and 1840s American and Mexican merchants would meet in California to trade factory-made goods for precious coins, hides, and
tallow
(fatty tissue of animals used to make soap, candles, food, etc.)
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
January 1848 - gold discovered in California 1849 – about 80,000
“Forty-niners”,
who were gold-seekers from America and abroad, migrated to California Many came to “get rich quick” and stayed to build a stable frontier society
FORTY-NINERS PHOTO
CALIFORNIA ADVERTISEMENT
GOLD’S IMPACT ON CALIFORNIA
“Gold fever”
– the population explosion made California eligible for statehood in 1850 Population of
San Francisco
grew to more than 25,000 The
transcontinental railroad
gave California’s economy the means to grow by connecting the state to the rest of the country Railroad completed in 1869