Transcript Slide 1
Today’s Goals
Concepts
I want you to understand the difference
between
Data
Information
Knowledge
Intelligence
Today’s Goals
Concepts
I want you to understand the difference
between
Accuracy
Precision
Reliability
as
they pertain to data and information
Today’s Goals
Learn about
System concepts and modeling
information system concepts
Importance of feedback in streamlining
systems
Importance of people in Information
Systems
Chapter 1 Highlights
What exactly are these things
– a management information system (MIS)
– a database management system (DBMS)
– a transaction processing system (TPS)
– a workflow system
– an enterprise resource planning system
(ERP)
– a decision support system (DSS)
– an expert system
Data vs. Information
Data: raw facts
Information: collection of facts organized in
such a way that they have value beyond the
facts themselves
Data vs. Information
Excel example
Knowledge
Awareness of information
Understanding information enough to
perform a task or make a decision.
Intelligence
While knowledge can help you complete a
task or make a decision, Intelligence helps
you figure out
– which tasks to complete or
– which decisions you should be making.
– which questions you should be asking.
For example,
– you might NOT know how to write a SQL
subtraction query (i.e., you lack knowledge of
SQL)
– but you know the type of task that should be
done to streamline your processing.
What comes first?
Some people are incredibly knowledgeable
in certain areas and seem to make
intelligent decisions in a familiar system. Is
this really intelligence?
Some people are incredibly intelligent but
lack the necessary knowledge to operate in
an unfamiliar system?
Does intelligence derive from knowledge or
vice versa?
What do you think?
Characteristics of
Valuable Data
Accurate – how close are you to being
correct, truthful
Complete – anything missing?
Economical – how much does this
data cost?
Flexible – data serves a variety of
purposes
Reliable – How is this different than
accurate?
Characteristics of
Valuable Data
Simple – will the data be
overwhelming?
Timely – will I get it in time?
Verifiable – how do I know its
accurate?
Accessible – here is where the
WWW comes in?
Secure – protect data from the bad
guys.
VS.
Accuracy vs. Reliability vs. Precision
Q: How much inventory do we have?
Truth: $55,730.57 worth.
– A1: Between $55,000 and $56,000 worth
– A2: $53,945.89 worth
Reliability
Two different aspects.
How often is the data accurate?
How often is accurate data available?
A source of data could be unreliable
– because it is occasionally wrong, or
– because it is occassionally unavailable.
Systems
Systems
Information System
Just like any system but
Information is the Input and Output.
System Characteristics
Improve your technical vocabulary
Simple Complex
Open Closed
Stable Dynamic
Adaptive Non-adaptive (static)
Permanent Temporary
Effectiveness
Measure of how much a system met
its goals.
System Performance Standards
Feedback
Feedback might be the most crucial
component of an Information System
What is feedback exactly?
Feedback
Output used to make changes to the
input and processing components.
Sometimes, feedback can even tell
you that your Information System is
failing and should be massively reengineered.
People
Modern computer-based Information
Systems consist of Hardware,
Software, Databases, Networks, and
People!
– Duh, right?
Not so intuitive is the fact that People
are the most important component.
Because of the Intelligence
Feedback connection.
Mass Mailing
Old System
Emailed from
Alumni assoc.
18,000 Names &
Address (XLS)
Import & Mail
merged
18,000 Formatted
Labels (DOC)
18,000 Label
Stickers (Paper)
Prune 1000 labels
Exclude list
100+ hours of labor
Printing
$250/year maintenance
$1600 printer
17,000 Letters
(Paper)
$0.80 per letter
Mass Mailing
Current System
Emailed from
Alumni assoc.
18,000 Names &
Address (XLS)
Exclude List
1,000 DB entries
Import into
Access
Alumni List
18,000 DB entries
SQL Subtraction Query
Updated as we get
back hate mail
17,000 DB entries
Exported & Sent
directly to Mailing
House ($0.60 per letter)
Mass Mailing
New System
Emailed from
Alumni assoc.
Continuous
Feedback to
Alumni Assoc.
Exclude List
1,000 DB entries
17,000 Names &
Address (XLS)
Excel file sent
direct to
mailing house.
Information Systems
What are the differences between these
things:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
a database management system (DBMS)
a transaction processing system (TPS)
a workflow system
a management information system (MIS)
an enterprise resource planning system (ERP)
a decision support system (DSS)
an expert system
DBMS
Organizes your data.
Handles implementation issues
– How will the data be stored?
– How will the data be structured?
– How will the data be connected
(relationships)
Examples: Access, Oracle
Main goal: Storage of Data
TPS
Paper Digital
Manual Automated
Handles implementation issues
– How will transactions be recorded?
– How often?
– Who is involved?
Main goal: Capturing Data
May have a DBMS inside.
Workflow Systems
Integrates TPS data to help streamline or improve tasks or processes.
Helps with organizational issues
– Can two tasks be combined?
– Is a task even necessary?
– How can steps be simplified?
Main goal: Streamlining Tasks or
Processes
MIS
Provides information (not data) to managers
Helps with decisions
– Who is our best customer?
– What is our greatest expense?
– Are we making a profit?
Main goal: Transforming data to information,
i.e., reporting.
MIS systems are often feed data through TPS
and DBMS systems
Example: Banner.
ERP
Companies might have separate MIS
systems for different operational divisions
– (payroll, shipping, R&D, etc.)
ERP systems seek to combine all of these
systems into managerial super-system.
– Enterprise implies a huge multi-site, global
organization.
Main goal: Streamlining workflow for a
whole company and integrating data from
all business operations.
Example: PeopleSoft,
DSS
Similar to an ERP, i.e., information
from different operational divisions is
integrated.
DSS
However, unlike ERP, DSS includes a
collection of models used to support
decision making, i.e., models of the best
business practices.
Managers often play a role in developing
DSS to customize it to a particular
enterprise.
MIS and ERP system provide information to
help managers “do things the right way”
DSS system help managers “do the right
thing.”
Expert Systems
Use artificial intelligence and machine
learning to help make decisions
automatically.
Unlike DSS, expert systems try to remove
human decision making by building
“intelligence” into the system.
DSS systems merely provide information
about different alternative so that a human
can make the final decision.
feedback
MIS
How is data
transformed into
information
data
Workflow System
Is there a better way to
capture, store, and
transform data
DBMS
TSP
How is data
stored
How is data
captured
ERP
MIS
DBMS
TSP
MIS
DBMS
MIS
DBMS
TSP
TSP