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Classification of English vowels
Vowel sounds are classified
according to: the position of the
tongue in the mouth, the openness
of the mouth, the shape of the
lips, and the length of the vowels.
1) the position of the tongue in the
mouth
Front vowels are the ones in the
production of which the front part of
the tongue is raised the highest such
as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a].
When the central part of the
tongue maintains its highest
position, the vowels thus
produced are central vowels
such as [3:] [Ə] and [] .
If the back of the tongue is
held the highest, the vowels
thus produced are back
vowels such as [u:][u]
2)the openness of the mouth
close vowels: [i:] [i] [u:] and [u];
semi-close vowels: [e] and [3;]
semi-open vowels: [ə] and [Չ:]
open vowels: [æ] [a] [] [Չ ]
and [:].
3) the shape of the lips
rounded vowels: All the back
vowels in English are rounded
except [ɑ:].
unrounded vowels: All the front
vowels and central vowels in
English are unrounded.
4)the length of vowels
long
vowels:
They
are
usually marked with a colon such
as[i:] and [ɑ:]
short vowels: other vowels
in English are short vowels such
as [e],[ə] and [æ].
Give the following phonetic symbols:
Voiced palatal affricate
Voiceless labiodental fricative
Voiced alveolar stop
Front close short
Voiced bilabial stop
Give the phonetic features of
each of the following sounds
[s]
[z]
[k]
Assimilation rules:
Word-final alveolars become dental
before dental fricatives;
not thin
ten thumps
well thought
Bilabial and alveolar nasals /m, n/
become labio-dental before labiodental fricatives;
ten forks
come for me
Word-final labio-dental fricatives
may become bilabial before bilabial
plosives;
live bird
v ß
Word-final /l/ is non-velarised if
followed by an initial vowel;
fill it
Word-final /t/ become bilabial before
bilabial consonants /p, b,m/;
that pen /..p pen/
that boy/..p b../
that man /..p m../
Word-final /d/ become voiced bilabial
before bilabial consonants /p, b,m/;
good pen /gub pen/
Word-final /t,d/ become velar before
velar plosives;
that cup /..k k..
that girl /..k g../
good cup /gug k../
Word-final /n/ becomes bilabial before
bilabial consonants;
ten pens
ten boys
ten men
Word-final /n/ becomes velar before
velar plosives/k, g/:
Ten cups
ten girls
Word-final /s,z/ become palato-alveolar
before palato-alveolar fricatives and the
palatal frictionless continuant/;
This ship
This year
has she
those young men
Word-final /t,d,s,z/ become
palato-alveolar affricates
(/t,d/) or fricatives(/s,z/)
before /j/ and /j/disappears;
Would you
What you want
As yet
In case you need it
Word-final /d/ becomes a nasal before a
nasal, at the place of articulation of the nasal;
Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal;
Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis
before an initial fortis consonant;
Phonology and phonetics
Phonetics is general, classificatory
and descriptive
Phonology aims to discover how
speech sounds in a language form
patterns and how these sounds are
used to convey meaning in
linguistic communication.
Phone, phoneme, and allophone
A phone is a phonetic unit or
segment. The speech sounds we hear
and produce during linguistic
communication are all phones.
It does not necessarily distinguish
meaning; some do, some don’t. For
example, in the words feel [fi:ł],
leaf[li:f], tar[tha:],
star [sta:],there are altogether 7
phones: [f],[i:],[ł], [l], [th]. [t],
[a:], but [ł] and[l] do not
distinguish meaning, [t h ] and [t]
do not distinguish meaning as well.
A phoneme is a phonological unit. It
is a unit of distinctive value. It is an
abstract unit. It is not any particular
sound, but rather it is represented or
realized by a certain phone in a
certain phonetic context
Different phones that
represent a phoneme are
a l l o p h o n e s .
Phonemic contrast:
If two phonetically similar sounds
are distinctive phonemes, they are
said to form a phonemic contrast.
/p/and /b/ in pit and bit
/k/and /g/ in kill and gill
If two phonetically similar sounds
are allophones of the s ame
phoneme, they do not distinguish
meaning, and they occur in
different phonetic environments,
they are said to be in
complementary distribution .
When two different forms are
identical in every way except for one
sound segment which occurs in the
same place in the strings, the two
sound combinations are said to form
a
m i n i m a l
p a i r .
Pill/bill
till/kill
pit/bit
Sequential rules in phonology
Rules that govern the combination
of sounds in a particular language
ar e c a ll e d s eq ue nt ia l ru l es .
S
M
N
D θT
W
K
R
PFBG
L
1. The first phoneme must be / s /.
2. The second phoneme must be / p /
or / t / or / k /.
3. The third phoneme must be / 1 /
or / r / or / w /.
Suprasegmental features超音位特征
见 p.28
Stress: word stress and sentence stress
The location of stress distinguish
meaning in English. A shift of stress
may change part of speech of a word.
Import
Increase
Progress
Insult
Rebel
Permit
Stress can distinguish a
compound from a free phrase.
White elephant
Red tape
Green house
See page 29
Sentence stress refers to the
relative force which is given
to the words in a sentence.
Some words are more important
than other words, and the more
important words are pronounced
with greater force and made
m o r e
p r o m i n e n t .
I didn’t walk with Mary to the library at 7
yesterday.
Tones:
ˋNo ( a matter-of-fact statement)
ˊNo (questioning)
ˇNo(doubtful but encouraging )
ˆNo (indignant; emphatic prohibition
and scolding)