Transcript Human Geography

CHAPTER 3
Human Geography/ Political and Economic Systems
What is human geography
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Part of studying geography is also studying
culture.
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This is the belief and actions that define a
group of people’s way of life.
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There are over 6,000,000,000 (Billion)
people on the Earth
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Some places have more people living there
than others. This is called population
density.
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The number of people living in one square mile
(kilometer)
How have humans adapted to their
environment?
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Our clothing depends on the climate
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People in Minnesota and Wisconsin wear
different clothes than you do.
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Skin color has to do with the
environment where our ancestors come
from.
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Change the landscape
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Dam up rivers
Clear forests for farming/ housing
Livestock feed on wild grasses.
Plowing soil
What are some possible effects of
population growth?
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As human population gets bigger, there are many effects it can have on the
environment
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Why?
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The industrial revolution played a big part in the amount of food we grow and how long
we live. Also, more children grow to be adults compared to many who died young
before then. Therefore, more people exist than ever before.
Results?
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Increase in famine (less food)
Disease (more contact between people)
Resource depletion (we use them up for energy and entertainment)
Population
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The growth rate of
population is calculated by
taking the birth rate and
subtracting the death rate
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Birth Rate – Number of
births per year per 1000
people
Death Rate – Number of
deaths per year per 1000
people
Birth rates occur at
different rates in different
areas.
Population
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Population is also affected by the number
of Immigrants and Emigrant
Immigrants – People coming into a
country
• Emigrants – People leaving a country
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When the combined birth rate and
immigration rate equals the death rate
and emigration rate, the country is said to
have “zero population growth”
This usually occurs is more industrialized
countries
• However, birth rates are still high and
death rates are declining due to improved
health.
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America is considered a country of immigrants
since most of the population arrived there, at some
point, from another country.
Patterns of settlement
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Population is not even everywhere. More people live in cities than on farms.
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The growth of city populations is called Urbanization
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The populations in farming areas are considered rural.
Culture
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Every location has its own traditions, skills, language, food, art and more.
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The place where these ideas start is called the culture hearth.
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Over time, these change very slowly
Over time, these ideas spread and change.
The Olmecs of the Gulf coast, the Mayas of the Yucatan Peninsula, and the Toltecs
of the central Plateau, formed culture hearths in Mexico and Central America
between 1400 B.C. and A.D. 1200
Cultural Change
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When skills, art, ideas, habits and institutions come in contact with another culture, it is
called cultural convergence.
Can you think of cultural convergences from Mexico to the United States?
• How about from the United States to other countries?
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As people move, they bring parts of their culture with them. This is called diffusion.
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Many immigrants brought their food and music with them to the United States, and the
Native Americans grew potatoes, corn and beans which the Europeans brought back with
them and it quickly became a major source of food for people and animals.
Restricting culture from moving from one place or person to another is called cultural
divergence.
One reason Communism was so successful at first was because leaders were able to prevent
the ideals about rights and freedoms from entering their countries.
• Is there anything now that might be subject to cultural divergence?
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3.2 What makes a country?
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Four factors that define a country.
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Clearly defined territory
Population
Sovereignty
A government
What is Sovereignty?
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Being able to make your own laws and have
your own leaders.
The Vatican
• Native American Nations
• Etc.
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Types of government
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There are many different types of government that are used to keep order, protect the citizens
and provide services.
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Unitary system
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Central government makes the laws for the entire country. Local government only has the power that
the central government gives to them.
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Federation
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Some powers are given to the central government and other powers are given to the local governments
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Japan and Great Britain are examples
United States constitution outlines what powers the Federal Government has and what powers the states have.
Confederation
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Small political groups keep the sovereignty and give some power to the central government
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During the 1860’s, the Southern States of the United States separated and formed a Confederacy
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The Confederate States of America.
Canada has many different Native tribes that work together.
Government Authority
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Authoritarian
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Leaders hold most or all of the political power. The people listen and obey everything the leader says.
(North Korea)
Dictatorship
Most common form of Authoritarian
All power is given to a small group or just one person (Stalin in Russia)
Totalitarianism
Extreme dictatorship ( form of Authoritarian)
Control all aspects of society – politics, economy, people’s personal lives (Nazis)
Monarchy
King or queen, pharaohs, shahs, sultans.
Born into power (Great Britain, Many European countries before 1900’s)
Democracy
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People choose their leaders and set government policy (United States)
Constitutional Monarchies can be democracies such as the United Kingdom
Types of Economies
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Traditional
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Only enough is produced to provide for the people.
There is not enough left over (surplus) to trade or
sell
Market
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Individuals and groups have freedom to buy and sell
what they want
Capitalism
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Driving force is to make more money and benefits
more people.
Command
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Nearly all economic decisions are made by a central
authority
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Decide how much to produce and what the price
should be.
CHAPTER 4
Resources and Land Use/ World Economic Activity
4.1 World Resources
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Natural Resources
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Materials in the natural environment that
people value and use to satisfy their needs.
Renewable Resources
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Resources that don’t run out or can be
easily replaced
Soil created by weathering rocks and
decomposing plant material
• Water cycle replaces water in the
environment
• Sun keeps the earth warm and can be used
for solar power
• Wind can be harnessed and turned into
electricity
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Non- renewable resources
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Non- renewable resources
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Cannot be replaced once they
have been used.
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Minerals that took millions of years
to be created in the earth’s crust,
and would take millions of years to
replace.
Most used non- renewable
resource is fossil fuels
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Oil, coal, and natural gas
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Made from the remains of ancient
plants and animals.
Where do we get energy from?
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We currently use these methods to
produce electricity and create heat for
our homes.
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Nuclear Energy
Water power
Geothermal Energy
Solar Energy
Renewable energy is becoming more
popular as non-renewable resources are
starting to disappear and become more
expensive.
World Economic Activity
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Different countries produce
different things in large
quantities.
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They import the things that they
needs
They export they things they have
a surplus of
This means that different
countries have to trade in order to
get the things they need and can
sell the extra stuff they produce.
This benefits everybody and
makes things cheaper.