Transcript Urban problems - Douglas Community School Geography

Urban problems
Introduction
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Urban sprawl
Traffic congestion
Urban decay
Rural to urban migration
Growth of favelas/shanty towns
Air pollution and waste disposal
Urban problems and solutions in
developed world
1. Urban sprawl:
• Rapid spread of housing from cities into
the surrounding countryside
• Problem in all urban centres in Ireland
esp. Dublin and Cork
• 2006 Dublin was cited as one of the
worst cases of urban planning by the
European Environmental Agency
Causes of Urban Sprawl
• Increased migration to cities
• Economic growth linked with increase in car
ownership
• Cities attract people looking for work and
accommodation
• Services are not provided by the rapidly growing
population
• 2000-2002 the population of Lucan increased by
244%
• The urban area increased to accomadate the
overspill from the city into the commuter zone
Consequences for urban sprawl
a) Rezoned farmland: rezoned for
residential, commercial and industrial
use.
• Sprawling concrete jungles.
• Small villages grow to become large
towns. Eg. Douglas, Cork. Tallaght and
Swords in Dublin
Consequences for urban sprawl
b) Increased traffic congestion: suburban not well
served by public transport reliance on car
ownership encouraged
• Dublin bus carried 128 million passengers in
2010
• Development of industrial retail parks at the
edge of cities encourage car use
• Huge areas of land used for car parks and
congestion happens at the entrances to these
places
Consequences for urban sprawl
c) Pressure on services:
• Growing suburbs increase the demand for
services such as waste disposal,
sewerage etc
• Pressure put on local authorities to
improve infrastructure of roads, sewerage
and education services
Consequences for urban sprawl
d) Development of monotonous suburban
areas:
• Housing estates of identical housing and
layout contained in these areas
• Can lead to congestion at road junctions
Consequences of urban sprawl in
rural areas
a) Loss of valuable agricultural land:
Difficult for farmers to compete with land
developers for neighbouring land
b) Loss of wildlife habitats:
The building of Kildare Bypass lead to a
decrease in water levels (site of special
scientific interest)
c) Loss of ancient monuments and historic
landscape:
M50 motorway destroying the remains of
Carrikmines Castle
Consequences of urban sprawl in
rural areas
d) Growth of dormitory towns:
• Many towns at the edge of cities residents
commute to large cities for work
• Due to cheaper housing
• Have few services
• No sense of community
Solutions to urban sprawl
Using land area more efficiently and discourages
rural to urban migration
Schemes to use urban lands more effectively
1. Aerial photography
2. Developing derelict sites in the centre of cities
3. Reducing rural to urban migration
Traffic congestion: causes of…
• Many cities built in medieval times, streets not
wide enough to carry modern containers lorries,
trucks and daily commuters
• Inadequate public transport results in a reliance
on cars many cities unable to cope with our car
dependency
• 2010 Ireland had 420 cars per 1000 people
• Increased car ownership lead to severe
congestion in urban areas
Traffic congestion: causes of…
• Economic growth has lead to more HGV
(heavy good vehicles) on the road
• Carry imports and exports across country
• Commuting to work in primary cause of
traffic congestion
• Commuting rates in Ireland amongst the
highest in Europe
Effects of traffic congestion
• Social, economic and environmental
problems
• Noise at rush can cause stress for
residents on busy streets
• Business may lose money on increased
fuel costs, drivers wages and vehicle
servicing due to increased travel time
Effects of traffic congestion
• Increased traffic=higher risk of accident
esp. close to schools
• Health effects include less time to spend
on physical activity
• Air pollution is higher in congested areas
increasing the risk of lung disease to
drivers and local residents
Reducing congestion
1) Traffic restrictions:
• A ban on HGV driving through Dublin city
centre at certain times was implemented
in 2007
• Introduced barrier free tolling on the M50
to prevent back log at the toll bridges
• The M50 as widened to allow more traffic
Reducing congestion
Traffic restrictions:
• In Singapore government allows a 3%
growth in vehicle population
• Monthly the vehicle quota is published for
new vehicles allowed to be bought
• Bidding is then used to see who has the
right to own a vehicle
Reducing congestion
2) Traffic management methods
a) One way streets
b) Car parks
c) Bus/cycle lanes
d) Roundabouts
e) Traffic lights
f) Yellow box
g) Clamping and parking restrictions
h) Park and ride schemes
i) Pedestrian streets
j) Ring rounds and bypass
k) Upgrading of national roads and motorways
l) Flyovers
Reducing congestion
3) Car parking facilities:
• Car parking facilities need to be found
within reasonable reach of the city centre
• Effective car parking on and off street is
essential to traffic management
Reducing congestion
4) Public transport:
• Many Irish cities have park and ride facilities to
encourage people to leave there cars at the
edge of cities
• Bus lanes reduces journey times for bus users
encouraging people to us buses
• The Luas and the Dart reduce congestions in
Dublin
• Transport 21 Project improves intercity train
transport into urban areas beyond Dublin
Integrated traffic management in
Cork city
• Urban area has grown drastically over the
decades
• Cars are the main mode of transport to get
to work with only 25% of people cycling or
walking
• 7% in the city use public transport
• 3% in metropolitan Cork use PT
• 1% in ring towns and rural areas
Integrated traffic management in
Cork city
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Cork Area Strategic Plan (CASP) aims to
reduce traffic congestion
Central to CASP is the implementation of an
integrated transport system based on the
completion of:
Essential road links
Development of a suburban rail network
Provision of high quality bus network
supported by park and ride facilities
Improved cycle and pedestrian networks
Integrated traffic management in
Cork city
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Priority of GREEN ROUTES (high quailty bus network)
ensure movement of people not vehicles
Green Route system also includes:
Improved footpaths
Protection of pedestrians from traffic
Space for cycle lanes
Improved crossing facilities for pedestrians
Bus and cyclist priority at traffic signals
www.corkcity.ie/ourservices/roads/infradtructural_projects.s
html
Dublin City Traffic Congestion
• 38% of all cars and 30% of goods vehicle
registered in Dublin
• Economic Growth led to increased traffic
congestion
• Many roads converge in Dublin city centre
– M50, M1, N1, N2, N3, N4, N7, N11
Public Transport
• Improved in Recent years
• LUAS – 54 stations carrying 28m
passengers a year
• Transport 21
– Dublin Port Tunnel – connected port to M50
bypassing Dublin city centre
– M50 upgraded – Red Cow roundabout now a
new interchange reducing congestion
– 2006 100 extra buses, 2007 another 200 and
quality bus corridors
Dublin bike project
• Mid 1990s city council began installing cycle
lanes and tracks
• Use of bicycle transport increased by 6% in
Dublin with 120km of on road cycle track
• 2009 Dublin city council opened a self service
bike rental system (dublinbikes.ie)
• Self service rental system with 42 stations and
550 bikes
• Most stations accommodate up to 30 bikes
Dublin bike project
• One of the most successful bike schemes
in Europe
• One year after the scheme recorded it 1
millionth rental
• People access the bikes by using a
subscription smartcard and credit card
payment
• Currently 40,000 subscribers and there
are plans to add 287 new bike stands
Urban decay/ absence of
community
• Urban decay means inner city buildings
are in need of demolition/repair
• Old buildings have inadequate sanitation,
poor heating etc
• People are re-housed from inner city areas
• Many homes are left boarded up waiting
for redevelopment and become squats
• Vandalism and crime rise, become ‘no go’
areas
Urban decay/ absence of
community
• A Sustainable community is one that has a
mix of houses, business, religious,
educational and recreational land uses
and has a stable or growing population
• Redevelopment leads to shops, offices
and car parks which does not lead to a
sustainable environment
Urban decay/ absence of
community
• Over the past 60 years residents in inner
cities were moved to the suburbs leading
to an absence if community
• Few peoples knew there neighbours which
lead to isolation
• Lack of public transport increased the
isolation of people
• Often elderly residents remained in inner
city areas leading to an aging population
Urban decay/ absence of
community
• New suburban housing estates have
younger population leading to lack of
social stability
• Services in inner city areas have fell into
disrepair with community halls and schools
closing
• Younger people are purchasing property
at greater distances from the CBD due to
rising house prices
Urban decay/ absence of
community
• Many commute at antisocial hours and are
away from home for long periods time.
This has a negative impact on family and
community life
• A two or three hour commute is not
uncommon in Ireland leading to a decline
in community spirit
• Absence of community is a major problem
for urban planners
Urban renewal: solution to urban
decay and absence to community
• Urban renewal replaces or upgrades
decaying buildings and the land use is
kept the same as before
• People are temporary re-housed
• Ballymun Regeneration Project
• Renewal has occurred in many towns and
cities ie. The regeneration of Cork city
centre
• The land use remains the same
• Urban redevelopment: when people are
moved out of there home and rehoused
• The building is then demolished and
rebuild into commercial property
• The land use is changed
The Ballymun Regeneration Project
• The Ballymun Flats Complex on Dublin's
Northside was built as a local authority housing
built in the 1960s
• Many inner city residents in overcrowded house
moved to the high rise flats
• First housing project were completed in 1969
hailed as one of Irelands greatest housing
schemes
• 35 multi-storey blocks (4-15 floors) + 45 two
storey houses laid out over 144 hectares
The Ballymun Regeneration Project
• The project failed almost from the
beginning due to a combination of poor
housing management, poor infrastructure,
substandard insulation
• Forty years later became an example of
urban decay: many flats were empty and
derelict
• High levels of unemployment, drug
problems, early school leaving and poverty
• Project developed to revitalise the area
The Ballymun Regeneration Project
Aims:
1. Create a new town by replacing the flats
(urban regeneration)
2. Preserve the community by working with the
residents
3. Re house all existing tenants in the same area
4. Create centres with shops and services
When the service is complete, the area will have a
population of 25,000
The Ballymun Regeneration Project
How aims being achieved?
• New 500 metre long Main Street, range of
retail, commercial, leisure facilities
• Technology park being developed near the
M50
• 3,500 homes are planned with 50/50 split
between public and private housing
• Type of housing: energy efficient, cost
average €152,400 to build
Urban problems and solutions in
the developing world
• 2015 there will be 28 mega cities
• Cities with 10 million +
Many problems linked with cities in developing
world
1. Rural to urban migration (Migration)
2. Growth of favelas/shanty towns (Migration)
3. Traffic congestion (migration)
4. Air pollution
5. Waste disposal
Sao Paulo
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Case study migration:
Extra information:
6 million cars and 1 million motorcycles
‘cough city’
Rising level of pollution linked to the daily
admissions of children to hospital with
pneumonia and respiratory diseases
Sao Paulo
• To combat congestion they implemented a
rota system called Operacao Rodizio
where drivers are prohibited from using
their cars one day a week based on
licence plate numbers
• City aims at cutting traffic by 20%
• On average 90% of drivers abide by the
rules reducing air pollution by 15%
Sao Paulo waste management
solutions
• System of burning methane gas has been
developed in order to create electricity,
uses the two biggest landfills in the world
(Bandeirantes and Sao Joao) and supplies
electricity to 7% of houses
• Bandeirantes receives 7000 tonnes of
waste a day
• Power plant on site burns the methane
gas reducing CO2 admissions
Sao Paulo waste management
solutions
• Savings on the green house gas
admissions earn the city carbon credits
• Under the Kyoto Protocol countries can
earn money by reducing CO2 emissions
• In its first credit auction the government
earned €15million which is to be used in
environmental projects