Transcript Document

What is Case Management?
Paul Turnbull
Amy Kirby
DOMICE Conference 2011
Barcelona 29th September 2011
What I’m going to do
• Definitions and aims of case management
• Models of case management
• How case management can be applied to probation
• Concerns about case management
• Suggested improvements to case management
Barcelona 29th September 2011
Origins of Case Management
• Case management originated in the US in the
latter half of the twentieth century
• First developed in the mental health field
• Case management developed further 1980s
(See Marshall, 1996; Holt 2000 and Keetley and Weaver, 2005)
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Definitions
• Case management is difficult to define
• Need for flexibility
• Definition depends on the goals of CM and the
setting
• CM is a ‘family of related approaches’
(see Murphy Healy, 1999; Keetley and Weaver, 2005; McNeill, 2009 )
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Aims of Case Management
1) To sustain contact with a client
2) To improve health and social functioning
(Keetley and Weaver, 2005)
3) To reduce and prevent re-offending
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Process of Case Management
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Process of Case Management
• Referral
• Assessment and engagement
• Implementation of care plan/service delivery
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Process of Case Management
• Monitoring
• Review
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Application of Case Management
to Probation
Holt (2000) What needs to happen in order to transfer CM to
a probation setting?
•
clarify the relationship between goals of the service and the
part that the case manager plays in meeting them
•
clarify the theoretical model used
•
identify the main users
•
create an appropriate tool for measuring effectiveness
(which focuses on the link between ‘process’ and
‘outcome’)
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Models of Case Management In
Probation
Holt (2000) 4 elements of case management (‘4
C’s’):
• Consistency
• Continuity
• Consolidation
• Commitment
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Models of case management in
probation
3 models of case management:
• Specialist
• Generic
• Hybrid
Shared principles:
• ‘Continuity of contact’
• Teamwork
• Face to face meetings
• Consideration of contextual factors
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Core Correctional Practice
(Dowden and Andrews, 2004)
5 elements:
1. ‘Firm but fair’ approach
2.Modelling and reinforcement to improve pro-social behaviour
and cognitive skills
3.Teaching problem solving skills
4.Effective use of community sanctions
5.Relationship factors- need for ‘open, warm and enthusiastic
communication’
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Concerns
• Fragmentation: due to the separation of case management
and interventions and the separation of roles. Concerns about
effects this could have on relationships (see Raynor and
Maguire, 2006; Robinson, 2005; Faulkner, 2008).
• Theoretical basis for case management: Discrepancies
between case management theory and practice. Concerns over
extent to which theory and practice fits in with what works
principles (Stanley, 2009)
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Concerns
• Commodification: introduction of a profit motive into
probation by contracting private organisations. Possible effects
this could have on voluntary organisations and supervisory
relationships (see McCulloch and McNeill, 2007; Allen and
Hough, 2006; McSweeney and Hough, 2006; Hough, 2006)
• Staff morale: Holt’s ‘4 C’s’ have not been applied to
probation staff (see Robinson and Burnett, 2007; Robinson,
2007)
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Suggested improvements
• Reintroduction of ‘forgotten’ good practice e.g. negotiated
consent (Robinson and Raynor, 2006)
• Craft Model (Hough, 2010)
Training:
• ‘Open, consultative and participatory’ (Gibbs, 1999).
• Needs to be collaborative and involved team working events
(PA Consultancy, MORI, 2005).
• Importance of thorough training for all members of the
probation team (Knight and Stout, 2009)
Contestability:
• Creation of ‘shared enterprise’ (McSweeney & Hough, 2006)
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Good Practices for Case Managers
Focus on one criminogenic need per session and
only brief discussion of conditions (Bonta et
al, 2008)
Role probation officers could have in helping
offenders to rebuild family links.
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Barriers to effective case
management
• High workload
• Difficult client group with a range of complex
needs
• Lack of political will
(see Mills and Codd, 2008; Maguire and Raynor,
2006)
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Summary
• Case management has a range of meanings
within different settings
• But the aim should be to sustain contact with
client and improve their position
• And can be achieved through a process of
assessment, engagement, planning,
implementation, monitoring and review
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