GAMES AND SIMULATIONS PART II

SEMINAR:

THE TRAINING OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND SKILLS

Wintersemester 2001 / 2002 Nina Krentzlin und Julia Meyer Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke

GAME THEORY

HISTORY OF GAME THEORY

1944: ”THEORY OF GAMES AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR” BY JOHN VON NEUMANN AND OSKAR MORGENSTERN 1994: JOHN NASH, JOHN C. HARSANYI AND REINHARD SELTEN RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE IN SCIENCE GAME THEORY 1 1

APPLICATION OF GAME THEORY

INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH DIRECTION OWN METHODS AND MODELS RESULTS HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO VARIOUS DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES GAME THEORY 2 1

GAME THEORY STUDIES ARE USED

ANIMAL KINGDOM ECONOMICS MODERN COMPUTER GAMES GAME THEORY 3 1

STRATEGIC THINKING

THINKING STRATEGICALLY IS THE KEY TO OUTWITTING AN OPPONENT THAT IS ATTEMPTING TO DO THE SAME THING WITH YOU THE SCIENCE OF STRATEGIC THINKING IS CALLED

GAME THEORY

GAME THEORY 4 1

EXAMPLE

A CLASSIC EXAMPLE IS THE TWO PERSON ZERO-SUMS GAME, ROCK-PAPER SCISSORS: SAME OPTIONS EACH DECISION IS MADE INDEPENDENT AND SIMULTANEOUSLY EACH WIN COINCIDES WITH THE LOSS OF THE OTHER PLAYER GAME THEORY 5 1

GAMES AND SIMULATIONS

PLANSPIELE

DEFINITION OF SIMULATION GAMES

“EFFECTS FROM A TEACHING METHOD WERE ANALYSED ON A MODEL, BY REQUIRING SUBJECTS THAT HAD LEARNED THE METHOD TO APPLY IT TO DECISION MAKING IN SIMPLIFIED SITUATIONS.

THE SITUATION OFTEN INVOLVED A CONFLICT OF INTEREST. THE DIFFERENCE TO SIMULATIONS: THE PERSON OR AS THE CASE MAY BE, THE ”CONFLICT” IS IN THE FOREFRONT.” SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 1 2 WOLFGANG MICKEL: HANDBUCH ZUR POLITISCHEN BILDUNG. BONN, 1999

HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF SIMULATION GAMES

ROLE GAMES, IMPROVISATION, RECOGNITION GAME, CASE STUDY AND STRATEGY GAMES 1000 BC.: WAR-CHESS, SANDBOX GAMES, CARD GAMES CHESS WAS ORIGINALLY A MILITARY GAME SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 2 2

HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF SIMULATION GAMES

FIRST DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1950’S TRAINING FOR MANAGER AND SPECIALISTS POLITICAL COMMUNAL PEDAGOGIC SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 3 2

PLANSPIELE

MILITARY STRATEGY GAMES NATURAL SCIENCES STRATEGY GAMES SOCIO ECONOMIC STRATEGY GAMES BUSINESS ECONOMIC STRATEGY GAMES PRODUCTION STRATEGY GAMES COMPANY STRATEGY GAMES HÖGSDAL, BERNDT: PLANSPIELE. BONN, 1996. FINANCIAL STRATEGY GAMES SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 4 2

CHALLENGE UNLIMITED, SIEMENS

1. JUNE - 14. JULY 2000 12, 867 ENGINEERS SIEMENS QUALIFICATION AND TRAINING THE RUHR UNVERSITY OF BOCHUM LEADING PROVIDER OF E-LEARNING SOLUTIONS IN GERMANY, M.I.T GMBH SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 5 2

CHALLENGE UNLIMITED, SIEMENS

STRATEGY GAME FOR RECRUITMENT OF NEW EMPLOYEES A COMBINATION OF WORK PLACEMENT ADS AND AN ASSESSMENT CENTER PLANSPIEL=SIMULATION OF AN ECONOMIC SITUATION USED FOR REQUIRING KNOWLEDGE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 6 2

CHALLENGE UNLIMITED, SIEMENS

EVALUATIONS WERE MADE OF HOW ONE PROCEEDED AND WHAT RESULTS ONE ACHIEVED A PROFILE FROM THE APPLICANTS IS CREATED FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE AND WORKING STYLE WAS TESTED ONLY 8% OF ALL COMPANIES USE SIMULATIONS VIRTUAL ASSESSMENT CENTER SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 7 2

ECONOMIC-STRATEGY GAMES

USED FOR FURTHER EDUCATION-PURPOSES 37% OF ALL GERMAN COMPANIES USE STRATEGY GAMES PARTICIPANTS ARE REQUIRED TO RUN A FICTITIOUS COMPANY THESE GAMES ARE USEFUL TO TEACH MORE ABOUT THE COMPANY SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 8 2

ECONOMIC-STRATEGY GAMES

BUSINESS-SURROUNDINGS ARE CREATED BY A COMPUTER THE WINNER IS THE PARTICIPANT WITH THE LARGEST MARKET POSITION OR THE HIGHEST STOCK CAPITAL SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 9 2

ECONOMIC-STRATEGY GAMES

TWO TYPES OF STRATEGY GAMES: DISTANCE-STRATEGY-GAMES: TEAMS PLAY AGAINST ONE ANOTHER, LAST SEVERAL MONTHS, MEMBERS FROM DIFFERENT COMPANIES.

SEMINAR-STRATEGY GAMES : PARTICIPANTS ARE ALL TOGETHER, LAST SOMETIMES TWO SEMINAR DAYS, DECISIONS MUST BE MADE MUCH MORE QUICKLY SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 10 2

ADVANTAGES

QUICK LEARNING PARTICIPANTS CAN TRY OUT NEW MODELS RISK FREE ECONOMIC-KNOWLEDGE CAN BE APPLIED AND PRACTICED PARTICIPANTS LEARN HOW TO THINK IN TERMS OF NETWORKS DIRECT CONTACT WITH COMPETITION CAN BE TESTED WITHOUT CONSEQUENCES HAVING FUN WHILE LEARNING SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 11 2

DISADVANTAGES

COMPILING OF MATERIALS AND THE RELEASE OF GAME ORGANIZATION CAN BE MANIPULATED EXTENSIVE TECHNICAL PREPARATION IT’S ONLY POSSIBLE WITH GROUPS AS LARGE AS 20 SOME PLAYERS MAY TAKE THE GAME TOO SERIOUSLY ROLE IDENTIFICATION IS DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY WHEN PLAYERS COME FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES AND BACKGROUNDS SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 12 2

THE FUTURE

SIMULATION GAMES HAVE BECOME MORE REALISTIC INCREASES IN COMPUTER PERFORMANCE THE STRATEGY GAME CABS (COMPUTER AIDED BUSINESS SIMULATION), IS ABLE TO MODULATE THE CAR INDUSTRY MARKET SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 13 2

ADVANCES: PLANSPIELE ALSO TRAIN SOFT SKILLS

AN EXAMPLE IS THE ”AEDIFICIUM” GAME FROM THE AINOS COMPANY: EACH PLAYER IS GIVEN A ROLE AS AN EMPLOYEE OR MANAGER IN A FICTITIOUS COMPANY SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 14 2

ADVANCES: PLANSPIELE ALSO TRAIN SOFT SKILLS

A CONVENTIONAL ASSESSMENT CENTER COSTS BETWEEN 600 AND 800 EUR PER APPLICANT PLUS TRAVEL EXPENSES INTERNET TESTS LIKE CHALLENGE UNLIMITED COST ALMOST NOTHING WHEN ENOUGH PARTICIPANTS ARE INVOLVED SIMULATION GAMES PLANSPIELE 15 2

ROLE - PLAY

DEFINITION:

ROLE-PLAY IS A METHOD OF HUMAN INTERACTION, IN WHICH REALISTIC BEHAVIOUR IN AN IMAGINARY SITUATION IS EXPECTED. THE ROLE PLAY IS A LEARNING GAME, IN WHICH REALITY IS SIMULATED.

MAIER, NORMAN R.F.: ROLLENSPIELPRAXIS IM FÜHRUNGSTRAINING. STUTTGART, 1975 ROLE - PLAY 1 1

HISTORY:

THE MOST FAMOUS TREATISE ABOUT ROLE-PLAY IS A PSYCHO DRAMA BY J.L. MORENO (1889-1974). NOWADAYS GROUPS THEY RARELY SPEAK ABOUT THERAPY, BUT RATHER ABOUT TRAININGS OF BEHAVIOUR, STRATEGIES, CONFLICTS AND UNDERSTANDINGS OF ROLES (HTTP://WWW.SOCIALNET.DE/REZENSIONEN/0111SCHALLER_MUELLERMEHRING.HTML) ROLE - PLAY 2 1

ADVANTAGES

ENABLES TO EXPRESS HIDDEN FEELINGS ENABLES TO EMPATHIZE WITH OTHERS AND UNDERSTAND THEIR MOTIVATIONS OFFERS PRACTICE IN VARIOUS TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGES ATTITUDES CLOSES GAP BETWEEN TRAINING AND REAL LIFE SITUATIONS ROLE - PLAY 4 1

DISADVANTAGES

SIMPLIFICATIONS CAN MISLEAD USES LARGE AMOUNTS OF TIME, RESOURCES, SPACE, SPECIAL ITEMS MAY BE SEEN AS TOO ENTERTAINING AND UNSERIOUS MAY DOMINATE LEARNING TO THE EXCLUSION OF SOLID THEORY AND FACTS MAY DEPEND ON WHAT PEOPLE ALREADY KNOW ROLE - PLAY 5 1

LEARNING THEORY

LEARNING BY ANALYSING AND EMPHAZISING OF HUMAN ATTITUDES DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THINKING AND ACTING PEOPLE LEARN BY ACTING AND NOT BY KNOWING THE THEORY. “SEEING IS BELIEVING, BUT FEELING IS THE TRUTH” MAIER, NORMAN R.F.: ROLLENSPIELPRAXIS IM FÜHRUNGSTRAINING. STUTTGART, 1975 ROLE - PLAY 6 1

OUTDOOR TRAININGS

THE IDEA

THE GROUP LEARNS BY DOING AND BECOMES A TEAM COMMON EXPERIENCES MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO LEARN FAST GATHER RISKFREE EXPERIENCES IN THE GROUP EMPLOYEES GET TO KNOW EACH OTHER WITHIN A FEW DAYS OUTDOOR TRAININGS 1 1

THE GOALS

GOOD COMMUNICATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL CO OPERATION THE AIM IS TO TEACH A TEAM TO THINK TOGETHER ABOUT SOLUTION STRATEGIES THROW OLD STRUCTURES IN FAVOR OF NEW BEHAVIORS OUTDOOR TRAININGS 2 1

POSSIBILITIES OF OUTDOOR TRAININGS

THE BUILDING OF A ROPE GARDEN, A BRIDGE, A RAFT OR A HUT OR REPELLING, THE EXECUTION OF A MOUNTAINBIKE ROUTE OR A BIVAC THE EXPERIENCE TAKES ON MORE MEANING BECAUSE OF ITS UNIQUENESS OUTDOOR TRAININGS 3 1

ASSESSMENT CENTER

DEFINITION

ASSESSMENT MEANS ”FESTSTELLUNG”, ”ABSCHÄTZUNG”, ”BEWERTUNG” THE ASSESSMENT CENTER IS ALSO CALLED ”AUSWAHLTAG” OR ”PERSONALENTWICKLUNGS-SEMINAR” AC IS A SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR REALIZING DEFICITS OR ABILITIES OF BEHAVIOUR ASSESMENT CENTER 1 1

HISTORY

DEVELOPED BY GERMAN PSYCOLOGISTS OF THE WEHRMACHT IN THE 30s IT WAS USED FOR SELECTING RECRUITS FOR THE WEHRMACHT.

IN THE 50s THE AC WAS DEVELOPED FURTHER BY AMERICANS AMERICAS HUGE COMPANIES LIKE IBM WERE ONE STEP AHEAD BY THIS TIME HTTP://WWW.FBI.FH KÖLN.DE

ASSESMENT CENTER 2 1

TESTS AND EXERCISES

SIMULATIONS OF WORKPROCESSES PRESENTATIONS AND LECTURES ROLE-PLAYS EXERCISES WHICH TESTS PERSONALITY AND INTERESTS A QUESTIONNAIRE ABOUT THE BIOGRAPHIE ASSESMENT CENTER 3 1

TESTS AND EXERCISES

POSTKORBÜBUNG DISCUSSION ROLE-PLAY

TOPICS OF A ROLE PLAY MAY BE

NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT WAGES A CUSTOMER VISIT CRITICAL ANNOTATIONS WITH REFERENCE TO EMPLOYEES MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEES A CONVERSATION ABOUT AN ASSESSMENT OF AN EMPLOYEE GRIEVANCES ASSESMENT CENTER 4 1

INTERCULTURAL ACs

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL ACs AND INTERCULTURAL ACs CONVENTIONAL ACs: COMPETENCIES LIKE INDIVIDUAL ACTING, SOCIAL ACTING, TECHNICAL ACTING AND STRATEGIC ACTING INTERCULTURAL ACs: ATTIDUDES LIKE EMPATHY, TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY, FLEXIBILITY, KNOWLEDGE OF CULTURES AND KNOWLEDGES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES ASSESMENT CENTER 5 1

INTERCULTURAL ACs

1. THE PUNCTUAL INTERCULTURAL AC CULTURAL DIFFERENCES : AWARENESS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES EMPATHY: REMOVAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY: CONFRONTATION WITH ETHIC TOPICS KNOWLEDGES OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: NEGOTIATIONS IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ASSESMENT CENTER 6 1

INTERCULTURAL ACs

2. SYSTEMATIC INTERCULTURAL AC ASSESSMENT OF THE BEHAVIOUR IN INTERCULTURAL CONNECTIONS THAT ARE MORE COMPLEX POSSIBLE TO PERFORM WITH SIMULATION GAMES THE DISADVANTAGE : THERE ARE ONLY A FEW ADAPTABLE INTERCULTURAL SIMULATION GAMES ASSESMENT CENTER 7 1