Transcript Power From Coal Without Emissions

Robust Strategies for
Sustainable Energy Supply
Klaus S. Lackner
Columbia University
November 2005
The Central Role of Energy
Energy Land
Environment
Water
Minerals
Food
Not about limiting access to energy
low cost, plentiful, and clean energy for all
Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth
Primary Energy Consumption
(kW/person)
100
Norway
10
Russia
UK
China
1
India
USA
France
Brazil
$0.38/kWh
(primary)
0.1
0.01
100
EIA Data 2002
1000
10000
GDP ($/person/year)
100000
Big Uncertainty

Robust strategies for uncertain development paths
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Scope of world-wide industrialization
Will oil and gas run out? – Coal as backstop
Will nuclear energy play a role? – More electricity
Will solar energy get cheap? – Hydrogen, electricity
Will energy efficiency play out? – Potential surprise
Decentralization vs. Concentration – Greenhouse gases
The role of the smaller sources?
IPCC Model Simulations of CO2 Emissions
Growth in Emissions
18
16
Closing the gap
Fractional Change
14
12
10
8
With population growth
6
1% energy intensity reduction
Constant growth
4
1.5% energy intensity reduction
2.0% energy intensity reduction
2
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Year
Constant Growth 1.6%
Plus Population Growth to 10 billion
Closing the Gap at 2%
Energy intensity drop 1%/yr
Energy Intensity drop 1.5%/yr
Energy Intensity drop 2% per year
Today’s Energy Infrastructure

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All fossil energy
plus a little hydro and nuclear energy
plus a very little renewable energy
Energy is not running out

Plenty of fossil carbon
Plenty of nuclear energy
Plenty of solar energy

Other options are niche player
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Resource Estimates
H.H. Rogner, 1997
Lifting Cost
Carbon as Low Cost Energy
Rogner 1997
Fossil Fuels

5000 Gigatons of cheap fuel
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Ubiquitous, current consumption is 6Gt/yr
85% of all commercial energy
Coal, oil, gas, tar etc. are fungible

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SASOL: gasoline from coal at $45/bbl
Tarsands: Synthetic crude at less $20/bbl
Fungibility of Sources

All hydrocarbons are interchangeable

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Electricity can make all carriers

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But at a price – need cheap electricity
Heat can be turned into electricity

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Gasification, Fischer Tropsch Reactions
Low efficiency – but routinely done
Electricity can pump heat

Efficient – but needs cheap electricity
Prediction is difficult
Fossil Fuels
Energy in 2100 need not be more expensive than today
Environment Rather Than Resource Limit
Carbon Capture and Storage - Untested Technology
Coal
Scales of Potential
Carbon Sinks
21st
Century’s
Emissions
???
Atmosphere
2000
1800
Soil &
Detritus
Ocean
pH
< 0.3
39,000
Gt
Plants
8,000 Gt
Gt
???
7,000 Gt

Carbon Sources and Sinks
Oil, Gas,
Tars &
Shales
50,000
6,000 Gt
Methane
Hydrates
5,000 Gt
4,000 Gt
3,000 Gt
4
2,000 Gt
3
2
1,000 Gt
constant
20th
Century
0 Gt
Carbon Resources
5
4
3
2
180ppm
increase in
the air
The
Mismatch
in Carbon
Sources
and Sinks
1
50%
increase
in
biomass
30% of
the Ocean
30%
increase in acidified
Soil Carbon
1800
2000
Fossil Carbon
Consumption to date
CO2 emissions need to stop
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Large Reductions Required
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Independent of CO2 level at stabilization
Time urgency is high up to ~800ppm
At 2 GtC per year, the per capita allowance of 10 billion people
will be 3% of actual per capita emission in the United States
NON-SOLUTIONS
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Energy efficiency improvements
Energy reductions
Growing Trees
Hydrogen
10 billion people reducing world emission to a third of
today’s would have a per capita emission allowance of
3% of that in the US today
Today’s Technology Fails To
Deliver Sufficient Energy …
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… for 10 billion at US per capita rates
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Environmental Problems
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Pollution, CO2
Oil and Gas Shortages

Concentration in the Middle East
How much time do we have to make the change?
The hydrogen economy
cannot run on electricity
There are no hydrogen wells
Wind, photovoltaics and
nuclear energy cannot.
$35.00
Price per GJ
Tar, coal, shale and biomass
could support a hydrogen
economy.
Price Ranges for Raw
Fossil Energy Resources
$30.00
$25.00
$20.00
$15.00
$10.00
$5.00
$0.00
Coal
Gas
Oil
Electricity
A Triad of Large Scale Options
backed by a multitude of opportunities
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Solar
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Nuclear
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Cost reduction and mass-manufacture
Cost, waste, safety and security
Fossil Energy

Zero emission, carbon storage and
interconvertibility
Markets will drive efficiency, conservation and alternative energy
Connecting Sources to Carriers
Carriers to Consumers
Carbon
Coal
Nuclear
Solar
Shale
Tar
Bio
Oil
Wind,
Hydro
Geo
Natural
Gas
Gasoline
Refining
Synthesis
Gas
Diesel
Heat
Jet Fuel Electricity
Ethanol
Methanol
DME
Hydrogen
Chemicals
Dividing The Fossil Carbon Pie
900 Gt C
total
Past
10yr
550 ppm
Removing the Carbon Constraint
5000 Gt C
total
Past
Net Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 from
concentrated
sources
CO2
extraction
from air
Capture of distributed emissions
electricity or hydrogen
Permanent &
safe
disposal
Geological Storage
Mineral carbonate disposal
Underground Injection
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Deep Coal Bed Methane
Saline Aquifers Storage Time
Safety
Cost
VOLUME
statoil
Rockville Quarry
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g)  3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 +2H2O(l)
+63kJ/mol CO2
Backstop & Lid on Liability
Peridotite and Serpentinite Ore Bodies
Magnesium resources that far exceed
world fossil fuel supplies
Capture at the plant
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Flue Gas Scrubbing (Amine Scrubbers)
Oxygen Blown Combustion
Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture
Zero Emission Plants
Expand into steel making, cement production, boilers
Zero Emission
Principle
CO2
H2O
SOx, NOx and
other
Pollutants
Air
Carbon
N2
Power Plant
Solid Waste
Carbon makes a better fuel cell
C + O2  CO2
no change in mole volume
entropy stays constant
G = H
2H2 + O2  2H2O
large reduction in mole volume
entropy decreases in reactants
made up by heat transfer to surroundings
G < H
The Conventional Power Plant
Carnot Limited
Free Energy
Enthalpy
Carbon Fuel
Heat
Turbine
Heat
Electric
Power
The Standard Fuel Cell
Enthalpy Limited
Free Energy
Enthalpy
Carbon Fuel
Chemical
Conversion
with small
Heat loss
No heat
return
Heat
Electric
Power
The Zero Emission Fuel Cell
Free energy limited
Raise Enthalpy
(endothermic gasification)
Free Energy
Enthalpy
Carbon Fuel
Heat Return
Minimize
Free Energy
Loss
Fuel Cell
Conversion
Heat
Electric
Power
Gasification Cycles
C + CO2  2CO
C + H2O  CO + H2
C + 2H2  CH4
(CH4 + 2H2O  CO2 + 4H2)
C + O2  CO2
Boudouard Reaction
Steam Reforming
Boudouard Reaction
Hydrogenation
Decarbonizing Energy Fuels

Hydrogen Economy
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Heating and transportation
Extraction of CO2 from Air
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Biomass
Chemical Extraction
Air Extraction can
compensate for CO2
emissions anywhere
2NaOH + CO2  Na2CO3
Art Courtesy Stonehaven CCS, Montreal
How much wind?
(6m/sec)
Wind area that
carries 10 kW
0.2 m 2
for CO2
Wind area that
carries 22 tons
of CO2 per year
50 cents/ton of CO2
for contacting
80 m 2
for Wind Energy
EnviroMission’s Tower
Process
Reactions
Hydroxylation
Reactor
(4)
(1)
(2)
(6)
Fluidized
Bed
CO2
(3)
Membrane
Capture
Device
Trona
Process
Limestone
Precipitate
Dryer
Air
(5)
Membrane
Device
(1) 2NaOH + CO2  Na2CO3 + H2O
(2) Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2  2NaOH + CaCO3
Ho = - 171.8 kJ/mol
Ho =
57.1 kJ/mol
(3) CaCO3  CaO + CO2
 Ho = 179.2 kJ/mol
(4) CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
 Ho = - 64.5 kJ/mol
(5) CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
 Ho = -890.5 kJ/mol
(6) H2O (l)  H2O
 Ho =
Source: Frank Zeman
(g)
41. kJ/mol
Depleted
Air
Hydrogen or Air Extraction
Coal,Gas
Fossil Fuel
Hydrogen
Oil
Gasoline
Distribution
Distribution
Consumption
Consumption
CO2 Transport
Air Extraction
CO2 Disposal
Hydrogen or Air Extraction
Coal,Gas
Fossil Fuel
Hydrogen
Distribution
Oil
Gasoline
Cost comparisons
Consumption
Distribution
Consumption
CO2 Transport
Air Extraction
CO2 Disposal
Materially Closed Energy Cycles
O2
CO2
CO2
O2
Energy
Source
H2
H2 CH2
H2O
H2O
Energy
Consumer
Roles of Different Energy Carriers
heating
planes
Hydrogen
Electricity
Carbon Fuels
Cars
Public Institutions
and Government
guidance
Carbon Board
certification
Private Sector
Carbon
Extraction
Farming, Manufacturing, Service,
etc.
Certified Carbon Accounting
certificates
Carbon
Sequestration