Transcript www.apega.ca

Overview of Greenhouse Gas
Opportunities
Ian J. Potter Ph.D
Director, Sustainable Energy Futures
MAKING THE CIRCLE STRONGER
APEGGA ANNUAL CONFERENCE
APRIL 22 - 24, 2004
EDMONTON, ALBERTA
Situational Analysis
Most of the
demand will
be met by
oil, natural
gas and coal
Ref: IEA, World Energy Outlook:2002
GHG Management
(after Kaya 1989)
Atmosphere
GHG
=
POP x
GDP
POP
x
BTU
GDP
x
GHG
- GHG
BTU
Population
Standard of Living
Energy Intensity
GHG Intensity
GHG Sequestered
Mitigation Responses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Improve energy efficiency
Fuel switching
Decarbonization of fossil fuels
Removal, recovery and disposal of CO2
Utilization of CO2
Use of non-fossil energy sources
Reforestation
Utilization of biomass energy
Geoengineering
Improve Energy Efficiency
Losses
Primary
Energy
Coal
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Biomass
Etc.
Transformation
Transportation
Distribution
Power Station
Refinery
Coke Oven
Coal Gasification
Coal Liquefaction
Losses
Secondary
Energy
Utilization
Device
or System
Electricity
Oil Products
Natural Gas
Coke
Etc.
Burner
Electrical Motor
Automobile
Etc.
Final
Useful
Energy
Space Heat
Process Heat
Mech. Energy
Etc.
Improve Energy Efficiency
• Technology Improvement
–
–
–
–
Operation and control
Materials
Economics
Government Policy
– Application flexibility
– R&D Investment
– Market Pull
System
Present 
Achievable 
Theoretical 
Coal Steam Boiler
70
80
100
Gasification,
Combined Cycle
42
60
70
Molten Carbonate
Fuel Cell
45
55
94
Improve Energy Efficiency
• Residential and Commercial Sector
– Space Heating – building design
– Water heating – heat pump, efficient burners
• Industry Sector
– Waste heat recuperation
– Process flow optimization
• Transportation
– District transport
– Advanced conversion systems – hybrid engines
• Electricity Generation from Fossil Fuel
– Fuel cells
– Cogeneration
Conventional vs Cogeneration
Input Energy
= 105.3 Units
Power
Station
Electrical Power
40 Units
Thermal Efficiency = 38%
Input Energy
= 49 Units
Boiler
Boiler Efficiency = 82%
Conventional System
Total Energy Input = 154.3 Units
Thermal Efficiency = 40%
Cogen
(Diesel)
Input Energy
= 100 Units
Heat
40.2 Units
Efficiency of
Waste Heat Recovery = 67%
Cogeneration System
Total Energy Input = 100 Units
Fuel Switching
• Substitution of a lower carbon fuel
– Natural gas for coal
• Availability of energy resources
– Energy costs
– Technology receptors
– Resource Industry impact by switching
What Might Reshape Our Energy Future?
• A sustainable energy
system based on
– Hydrogen that is affordable,
domestically produced from
diverse sources, and safely
stored, dispensed and used
Fuel Cells Are Like Batteries That You
Supply Fuel To As Needed
Hydrogen
A fuel cell converts the
chemical energy in
hydrogen to electricity
and water
Pure
Water
Electricity
Oxygen
from air
Potential
Hydrogen?
Potential for Hydrogen?
Courtesy Eddy Isaacs
Coal Fired Power
Decarbonization of Fossil Fuels
• In strictest sense:
– The removal of carbon from fossil fuels prior to
combustion
• But really, the use of fossil fuels with the
avoidance of CO2 emissions to the
atmosphere:
– Process the fossil fuel prior to combustion,
removing carbon, leave hydrogen
– Convert the fossil fuel to a hydrogen rich fuel while
producing, recovering and sequestering CO2 prior
to combustion.
– Also, the capture, recovery and sequestering of
CO2 after combustion.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Power Generation
Oxygen
Coal
Slurry
Sulphur CO2
Combined
Cycle Plant
Gasifier
Sour
Shift
Acid Gas
Removal
Electricity
H2
Steam
Gas
Steam
Turbine Turbine
Slag
Fuel Cells
Best potential for commercial production of clean power
With near zero emissions within the next 5 to 10 years
Electricity
Heat
Alberta Energy Research Institute (AERI)
Vision: Add Value to Alberta’s Hydrocarbon Resources
FT Synthesis
clean
gas
Low cost
feedstocks
Coal
Heavy
Coke
Resid
Biomass
Combustion/
Gasification
Separation/
Conversion
CO2 for
EOR, CBM
Liquid Fuels
Methanol
Plant
Olefins
Petrochemicals
Clean Gasoline
Hydrogen
Plant
Hydrogen
Methane
Plant
Synthetic
Natural Gas
Ammonia
Plant
Fertilizers
Clean Power
Fuel Cells
Electricity
Removal, Recovery, Disposal of CO2
• Carbon dioxide control points:
– The atmosphere
– The surface waters of the oceans
– Stacks of fossil fuel conversion plants
• Source of relatively high CO2
Control Point
Minimum Separation Energy
(kWh/lb CO2)
Atmosphere
0.057
Ocean
0.057
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Equipment
0.0259 - 0.0179
Removal of CO2
Process
CO2 Removal
Efficiency (%)
kWhe/lb CO2
Recovered
Amine Absorption/ Stripping Integrated
90
0.11
Oxygen/Coal Fired Plant
100
0.15
Amine Absorption/ Stripping NonIntegrated
90
0.27
Potassium Carbon Absorption/ Stripping
90
0.32
Molecular Sieves
90
0.40
Refrigeration
90
0.40
Seawater absorption
90
0.80
Membrane
90
0.36
Removal of CO2
• Other factors:
– Cost
– Equipment size
– Integration
– Environment
• Separation of CO2 is still the largest
technology and economic hurdle in
utilizing clean energy from fossil fuels
Disposal of CO2
• No indirect benefit:
–
–
–
–
–
Ocean disposal
Depleted gas wells
Salt domes
Aquifers
Natural materials
• Indirect benefit:
– Enhanced Coalbed
Methane
– CO2 Enhanced Oil
Recovery
– Natural materials
Courtesy: Stefan Bachu, AGS
Enhanced Coalbed Methane
CO2
CO2
CH4
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources
• Nuclear
• Solar
?
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources
• Wave Power
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources
• Offshore Wave
Energy
– Hose Pump
– Archimedes Wave
Swing (AWS)
Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources
• Tidal Energy Installation
europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html
Utilization of Biomass Energy
• Wood and Wood Wastes
• Municipal solid waste:
– Combustion
– Landfill gas
• Herbaceous biomass and agricultural
residues
• Aquatic biomass
• Industrial solid wastes
• Sewage methane
• Manure methane
Integrated Manure Utilization System
Biogas
utilization
Energy
Manure
Anaerobic
Digester
Solid/liquid
Separation
Growing Power
Aerobic
digester/
nutrient
enrichment
Nutrient
recovery/
treatment
Organic
fertilizer
Reusable
water
Can we break the link?
Present:
Energy Use
Environmental Impacts
• Recent activity focused on incremental
technology development to improve energy
production methods and systems
Future:
Innovation + Investment = Energy + Technology  Sustainability
Sustainable Development
• 1987- World Commission on Environment and
Development, the Brundtland Commission
– “development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
Sustainable Philosophy
Solid Waste
Management
Effluent/
Water
Management
Economic
and Social
Air
Pollution
Energy
Management
Greenhouse
Gases
Emissions Philosophy
• It’s not just climate change!!
• Air Emissions
– NOx, SOx, Particulate Matter, Ozone, Mercury,
Unburnt hydrocarbons, greenhouse gases
• Water Emissions
– Quality and Quantity Assurance
• Solid Waste Management
– MSW, Ash, Slag, Tailings
• Thermal Management
– maximizing energy utilization
• Noise Management
The Core Challenge
Research turns money into knowledge
Research
Knowledge
Innovation
It takes innovation to turn
knowledge into money
Summary
• Concern over possible global warming &
climate change
• Stimulated research - Action is taking place
• Sustainability not just climate change
– Innovation and investment are critical
– Technology provides the solutions, but rarely in
the short term
• Partnerships are essential
• Governments, Industry and Public open
discussion
Take home message
Solutions to reduce
greenhouse and other
emissions will come through
technology, and require a
fundamental shift in how we
live, work and do business