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THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION
& ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASSOCIATIONS (IUAPPA)
International Seminar
URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
21st – 23rd October 2002 - Sao Paulo, Brazil
THE EVOLUTION OF THE AIR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT POLICIES IN EUROPE
Prof. Giuseppe Fumarola
University of L’Aquila, Vice President CSIA/ATI, Italy
President EFCA
“The most important message that IUAPPA has is for developing countries through
the world, not to make the same mistakes which most industrial countries made
over 100 years ago and which has taken them over 100 years to put right”
Rear Admiral P.G. Sharp, Director NSCA (UK),Fifth Int. Clean Air Congress, Buenos Aires, 1980
INDUSTRIAL
ACTIVITIES
URBAN AIR
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
AIR POLLUTANT
SOURCES
TRANSPORTATION
STATIONARY
COMBUSTION
PLANTS
Historical examples of complained environmental problems
 ROMA
 at the August Emperor time, two thousand years ago, transportation by carts animaldrawn at any time of the day created noise, nauseous odour and sanitary problems
 today a similar problem is smartly called sustainable mobility
 LONDON
 at the time of King Edward I, in 1306, combustion in stationary sources (domestic
furnaces) which burned coal
 today the old "fashionable" smog of London has been substituted by the sly PM10.
 VENICE
 the furnaces for glass manufacture in XII century had to move away from the city, on the
near Murano island.
 today the artistic Murano glass production plants have still to comply with new
emission limits. A recent decree of the Italian Ministry of the Environment establish a
deadline at the end of December 2002
At the beginning of the third Millennium: nothing new under the sun
Raw Materials
Energy
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Products
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S
AIR
WATER
/
W
A
S
T
E
S
SOIL
Raw Materials
Energy
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Products
A
B
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
AIR
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S
W
A
S
T
E
S
WATER
SOIL
Best Practicable Means (BPM)
Air Quality Management (AQM)
u
Co - Ce
 = ------------
Q (Kg/h)
Ce (mg/m3)
Co
Ce
Co
PROCESS
END-OF-PIPE
TECHNOLOGIES
Cmax= f(A.Q.S.)
Distance downwind to the chemney
RATIONAL USE AND RECYCLE OF
ENERGY, RAW MATERIALS, BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES
Raw Materials
Energy
By-productsWastes
Emissions Wastes
Products
Recycle
Recycle
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
A
B
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S
W
A
S
T
E
S
AIR
WATER
SOIL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
Raw Materials
A
B
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
Energy
By-productsWastes
EmissionsWastes
Products
Recycle
Recycle
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S
W
A
S
T
E
S
AIR
WATER
SOIL
EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Polluter pays principle
Command and Control
Environmental taxation
Voluntary instruments
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Command and Control
Raw Materials
A
B
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
Energy
By-products
Wastes
Emissions
Wastes
Products
Recycle
Recycle
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S
W
A
S
T
E
S
AIR
WATER
SOIL
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Environmental Taxation
Raw Materials
A
B
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
Energy
By-products
Wastes
Emissions
Wastes
Products
Recycle
Recycle
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S
W
A
S
T
E
S
AIR
WATER
SOIL
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
ECOLABEL
Ecolabel is an ecological quality mark for products of wide use
adopted in Europe in 1992.
It requires an environmental performance assessment (impact on
air, water and soil, waste production, energy consumption, safety,
etc.), along with defined criteria, during the entire life cycle (from
cradle to grave).
The label may be used in the market place relying on the consumers
perception for eco-labelled products.
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme)
EMAS is a voluntary instrument, adopted in Europe in 1993, conceived
to encourage companies, not only industrial, and even public
administrations, to adopt proactive initiatives for continuous
improvements of the environmental performance of their processes,
products and services.
It aims at having more efficient use of raw materials and energy,
minimizing wastes, minimising risk of impact on the environment,
planning the investment in a more environmental friendly manner.
The site subjected to EMAS is filed on an European Register and
receives a mark which may be used in the market place to
demonstrate to the public at large the positive commitment in the
protection of the environment.
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)
Directive 96/61/CE
PURPOSE
To provide for a permitting system for certain categories of industrial
installations to achieve integrated prevention and control of pollution
and ensure a high level of protection for the environment as a whole
CONDITION
To take all appropriate preventive measures against pollution through
the application of the Best Available Technology
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY: the most effective and advanced stage in
the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the
practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis
for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable,
generally to reduce emissions and the impact on the environment as a whole
BEST: shall mean most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of
the environment as a whole
AVAILABLE: shall mean those techniques developed on a scale which allows
implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and
technically viable conditions, taking into considerations costs and advantages,
whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the Member States in
question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator
TECHNOLOGY: shall include both the technology used and the way in which
the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned.
EUROPEAN UNION
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)
“Seveso” Directives
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
AIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES
EVAPORATION
COMPOSITION
FUEL
ENGINE
WASTE
ENERGY
EXHAUST
TECNICAL MODIFICATION
EMISSION STANDARDS
NEW PERFORMANCE
THREE-WAY CATALITIC CONVERTER
GASOLINE/DIESEL OIL COMPOSITION
Some environmental rilevant limits for motor vehicle fuels
Parameter
Reasearch octane number RON
Motor octane number MON
Reid vapour pressure
Distillation :
evaporated at 100 °C
evaporated at 120 °C
Hydrocarbon analysis :
olefins
aromatics
benzene
Oxigen content
Sulphur content
Lead content
Cetane number
Density at 15 °C
Distillation: 95% point
Unit
Limits 2000
min
UNLEADED GASOLINE
95
85
kPa
% v/v
% v/v
max
Limits 2005
min
max
60
46
75
% v/v
% v/v
% v/v
% m/m
mg/Kg
g/l
DIESEL OIL
51
Kg/m3
°C
18,0
40,0
1,0
2,3
150
0,005
845
360
35,0
50
EMISSION LIMITS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES (g/Km)
PM
NOX
HC
CO
HC + NOX
2,2
2,3*
1,0
0,5
1,06
0,64
0,50
0,71
0,56
0,30
UNLEADED GASOLINE
Euro 2 1996
Euro 3 2000
Euro 4 2005
0,15
0,08
0,2
0,1
DIESEL OIL
Euro 2 1996
Euro 3 2000
Euro 4 2005
* different measure method
0,080
0,050
0,025
0,50
0,25
STATIONARY COMBUSTION PLANTS
General measures to fight air pollution
For domestic furnaces
 USE OF SOLID FUELS FORBIDDEN
 LIQUID FUELS WITH LOW SULPHUR CONTENT
 GAS PIPE NETWORK
 CONTROL OF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
For power plants
 STRINGENT EMISSION STANDARDS
 EMISSION TAXATION
MAIN ACTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

PURSUE A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AS A WHOLE

PURSUE THE MARKET-BASED MECHANISMS
ACCORDING TO POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

INVOLVE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS
TO STIMULATE CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
 Integrated Product Policy
 Green Public Procurement
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
IN AIR POLLUTION POLICY FOR VEHICLES





REDUCE SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION OF FUEL
IMPROVE FUEL COMPOSITION WITH NEW
ADDITIVES
PROMOTE ECO-LABELS FOR CARS WITH LOW
CONSUMPTION AND/OR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
ENFORCE TAXATION INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION
EQUIP NEW CARS WITH ON-BOARD-DIAGNOSIS
HEALTH
GLOBAL
MANAGEMENT
ENVIRONMENT
SAFETY
Two main lines for
GLOBAL MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGIES:
• INHERENTLY EFFICIENT (minimal use of raw materials and energy)
• INHERENTLY CLEAN (minimal production of flue gases and wastes)
• INHERENTLY SAFE (minimal risk at workplace and for the living
environment)
SOCIAL ASPECTS:
• EDUCATION
• PUBLIC PERCEPTION
• LEGISLATION
• ECONOMICAL RESOURCES