Transcript DOI - Indian Academy of Sciences

DOI
K.V.Lakshmi,
Trainee, 2001-2002,
NCSI,
01/03/2002.
Table of Contents
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Introduction
IDF
What is DOI?
What are the components of DOI?
Technology behind DOI i.e., Handle System
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Features of Handle System
Working of Handle System
Applications of DOI
Advantages
Issues and problems with DOI
Conclusion
Introduction
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Information professionals have always known that if you can't identify a work
uniquely, you've got chaos. Now that the Web has blasted its way into public
consciousness, the rest of the world has begun to recognize the same truth.
ISBNs, ISSNs, Abstracter/Indexer accession numbers, Technical report
numbers, and Visual material through information on labels, jackets, and
envelopes.
URLs (uniform resource locators), URNs (uniform resource names), the SICI
(Serial Item and Contribution Identifier) for serial issues and/or components, and
OCLC's PURL (persistent URL).
These identifiers have their own problems.
In order to over come these problems, the first steps in developing the DOI
numbering system were taken by the American Association of Publishers in
1996, by issuing a Request for Proposal to develop an online document
identification scheme initially called the Uniform File Identifier, soon renamed the
Digital Object Identifier. The request required an agency.
IDF
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The International DOI Foundation was formed in
1998 to bring together a broad consensus group
of content owners and technology companies
from all media types to ensure precise
identification of content and thereby enable
precise management of rights.
What is DOI?
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DOI is an acronym for “Digital Object Identifier”
The DOI is an identification system for intellectual property in the digital
environment
The DOI system is a system for
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Identifying and exchanging intellectual property in an interoperable digital
environment;
Providing extensible framework for managing intellectual content in any form at
any level of granularity;
Linking customers with content suppliers;
Facilitating of electronic commerce and;
Enabling automated copyright management for all types of media.
DOI is an application of the Handle System
What are the components of DOI?
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The DOI Components include:
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Enumeration
Description
Resolution
Policy
Enumeration
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For the purpose of the DOI system, the DOI is a unique “dumb number”
assigned to an entity - only when accompanied by metadata, can any
information be determined from the enumeration. The metadata may change
(i.e. when ownership of the entity changes), but the identifier remains
persistent for the life of the digital object.
The DOI is comprised of a prefix and a suffix separated by a forward slash:
– Content producers may choose to have a single prefix for all
their products, or a prefix for each imprint, label, product
line, or whatever level makes sense for their purposes
– The suffix can be identifiers or product numbers employed
within a particular industry or private proprietary codes used
within a content producer's organization. The suffix can be
assigned to entities of any size or granularity or any file
type.
Description
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The DOI mandates a minimum level of public structured associated metadata to
describe an entity and enable a user to ensure that the identified entity found is the
one sought:
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>
>
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a DOI
any existing industry or proprietary identification number/code
a title, agent and role (e.g. publisher, producer, author)
type (digital file, physical object, abstract, performance)
mode (text, audio, visual, audiovisual, abstract)
Additional required metadata is determined according to the User Community/
Application Profile, but is always in a form that interoperates across different systems
for all media types.
Not all metadata is public. The minimum level of public data must always be provided.
A User Community may then decide to make additional data openly available; or may
decide to make it available only under specified conditions to specified users. The
metadata associated with a DOI on registration is decided by the content owner.
Resolution
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The power of the DOI system comes from the
combination of resolution and structured metadata.
Because digital content may change ownership or
location over the course of its useful life, the DOI system
uses a distributed central directory.
A user who clicks on a DOI can be taken either directly to
the content, which could be stored in different formats or
at multiple locations, or provided with a list of related
sources of information about that content (e.g, articles,
reviews, purchase options, rights information, etc.) to
select from.
When the object is moved to a new server or the
copyright holder moves the product line to another
company, one change is recorded in the directory and all
subsequent users will be sent to the new location.
Policy
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The DOI System management rules ensure that the system is
predictable and consistent. These rules are to some extent implicit in
the technology and its implementation, but also explicit for
Registrants, Registration Agencies and users of the DOI system.
The formulation of policy is in many ways more complex than the
management and development of the technology. How the DOI is
implemented affects the way in which intellectual-property based
businesses employ the DOI in the network environment.
Policies with respect to metadata access and exploitation, for
example, influence business models of Registration Agencies and
the cost to manage the DOI System as a whole.
The IDF ensures that its members are fully involved in all aspects of
policy formulation and have the opportunity democratically to affect
its outcome.
DOI Administration - Creation
DOI data and metadata (XMLbatch)
metadata
Metadata Collection
Administrator
(publisher.com)
Registration Agency
Identifier:
DOI: 10.XXXX/1234
URL: http://publisher.com/10.X...
Title: New Horizona - Latin Jazz
Agent = Author: John Jakob-Jemènez
Type: digital file
Mode:
Text: 250 pages
Images: 20
Moving Images: 2
Audio: 20
Release Date: January 1, 2001
Rights Profile: Translation
Paperback
Electronic
Email Contact: [email protected]
Other Titles by Author: Title 2; Title 3
Retailers: amazon; bol;
DOI data
DOI data and metadata
DOI System
Multiple Resolution
Type
Index
DOI
10.XXXX/123
Syndicator - Retailer
Distributor - Rights Person
Trade Association
Multimedia Publisher
Data Aggragator - Consumer
Resolution Request
DOI System
Metadata Collection
Data
DOI Administration - Updating
New eBook Retailer
http://www.newretailer.com/...
Administrator
(publisher.com)
X
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Syndicator - Retailer
Distributor - Rights Person
Trade Association
Multimedia Publisher
Data Aggragator - Consumer
X
eBook Retailer
http://www.amazon/cgi-bin/buy_file7.cgi
X
DOI Administration - Updating
Modify data for DOI 10.XXXX/123.
http://www.newretailer.com/...
Administrator
(publisher.com)
http://amazon.com/cgi-bin/buy_file7.cgi
http://wwwbol.de/file7.pdf
http://www.publishersweekly.com/..
DOI System
Resolve 10.XXXX/123
Syndicator - Retailer
Distributor - Rights Person
Trade Association
Multimedia Publisher
Data Aggragator - Consumer
http://www.newretailer.com/...
Technology behind DOI
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Is “Handle System”
Handle system was developed by CNRI (Corporation for National
Research Initiatives), funded by DARPA with a view to develop a
framework for the underlying technology of Digital libraries.
The Handle System is a distributed computer system for naming
digital objects and storing the names and the information that is
needed to locate and access these items via the Internet.
What are Naming Systems and Services?
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Naming systems are used to identify objects on
networks such as on the Internet
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Existing Naming systems
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DNS (Domain Name System)
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URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Limitations of these systems
 The
resource moves from one location to another,
for whatever reason, the URL breaks
 DNS names are typically managed by the network
administrator(s) at the DNS zone level, and no
facilities for anyone other than network
administrators to create or manage names.
What are Handles?
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Handle consists of two parts: its naming authority, otherwise known as its
prefix, and a unique local name under the naming authority, otherwise known
as its suffix. The naming authority and local name are separated by the ASCII
character "/".
Thus handle may be defined as
 < Handle> ::= < Handle Naming Authority> "/" < Handle Local Name>
Ex:
Handle: “10.1045/january99-bearman”
* article published in D-Lib magazine
Handle Naming Authority : “10.1045”
* administrative unit of creation
* globally unique
Handle Local Name: “january99-bearman”
* local name given by the administrator
Handles Resolve to Typed Data
Handle
loc.ndlp/amrlp.123456
Extensible Data Types
Data type
Handle data
URL http://www.loc.gov/.....
URL http://www.loc2.gov/..
XYZ 1001110011110
Handle Resolution
Browser
Extension
GHS
Client
Client
LHS
LHS
LHS
Handle System is a collection
of Handle Services
each of which consists of
one or more Handle Servers
which may be replicated
loc.ndlp/amrlp.123456
HS
#1
HS
#2
URL http://www.loc.gov/.....
URL http://www.loc2.gov/.....
HS
HS HS
#3 #3#3
How the Handle System Functions
…
Web Browser
The
Digital
Object
Browser
Extension
Client
Send the
Handle Data
Request to
Resolve Handle
GHS
LHS
LHS
LHS
LHS
LHS
Handle System
Handle Administration
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Each handle has one or more administrators
(someone who creates, modifies or deletes
handles).
Administrator should have a globally unique ‘ID’
which is also a handle and doubles as a ‘naming
authority’.
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The administrator has to authenticate herself /
himself to obtain permissions to perform
operations on the Handle System.
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A Handle can also have various levels of
administrators.
Features of Handle System
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Global Scope – a name which does not imply
a location
Uniqueness
Persistence – globally unique forever
Multiple Instances
Scalability – URN can be assigned to any
resource
International Support (Unicode 2.0)
Legacy Support
Extensibility - permit future extensions
Distributed Administrative Service
Efficient Resolution Service
How the mentioned Technology Works
Handle Administration:
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Request a prefix from the DOI Directory Manager
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Get a unique prefix, user ID and Password
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Register handles for your objects in the Directory
using Administration Forms.
Digital Object Architecture: How does it work
in reality……….
Client
Repository / Collections
Resource Discovery
•Search Engines
•Metadata Databases
•Catalogues, Guide, etc.
Resolution System
Applications of DOI
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DOIs can handle a variety of applications, some
representing bibliographic control, others electronic
commerce, and some, well, "other." For example, a DOI can
help to retrieve a document or image, license usage, or pay
a clearinghouse.
It can:
 Take you to information about the item.
 Take you to the full text or the full item.
 Take you to other products sold by the publisher.
 Take you to related material.
 Initiate a transaction, such as subscribing.
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DOIs can solve the question of identifying an image
uniquely. This task is often difficult because 1) text doesn't
stay with an image, and 2) it is difficult to identify an image
so precisely that it can't be confused with another image.
Advantages of DOI
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Allows each piece of property unique identification — even images,
sound, and video.
Insures rights-holder, control over property (authorized use only and
no tampering), while still allowing for fair use.
Allow the user to trace the rights-holder easily, including when
transferred rights.
Make sure that each piece of intellectual property can be found,
even as rights-holders change ISPs, domain names, and locations.
Make it easy for authors, publishers, and information providers to
collect payment for the use of their work.
Unlike URLs, DOIs don't change and go out of existence
Issues and problems with DOI
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Gone But Not Forgotten: What if a publisher stops maintaining
something a DOI points to? What will happen when copyright expires
on a work and it enters the public domain?
Who's On First?: What happens if multiple vendors sell the same
content? Do they each assign their own DOI to the same article? (In
other words, how will IAC, DIALOG, LEXIS-NEXIS, etc., handle DOIs
with full text?) These questions haven't been resolved either.
Hello?... Hello?... Hello?: What if the publisher's server goes down?
The Number, Please! How does someone who wants to cite material
find out the DOI?
My Job, Your Job, Our Job: Who gets to assign DOIs to their work?
What about individual photographers who want to assign DOIs to
images they offer at their Web sites? What about small publishers or
individual authors who self-publish their materials?
What if two different abstracting services abstract the same article? Is a
unique DOI assigned to each?
Conclusion
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DOI system is a challenging effect on the global
information community and provides a focal point
for the coordination of many information industry
activities by pointing to standardized identifiers as
effective and creative methods of managing the
online information universe.