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Plate Tectonics & Thermal Energy
What Changes and Moves Underground
P
Vocabulary
Plate Tectonics- The study of the formation and movement of
plates is called plate tectonics.
Lithosphere- Together the crust and the upper mantle make up
the lithosphere.
Asthenosphere- The lithosphere is directly above this layer.
This is the layer thought to cause plate movement.
Spreading centers- The area where the lithosphere plates are
moving.
Fault- A break or crack in Earth's crust along which movement
has occurred.
Converging Boundary- forms when two plates come together
Plate Tectonics
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The lithosphere, or Earth's outermost
layer is broken into 7 large pieces. They
are known as North American, South
American, Eurasian, Australian,
Antarctic, and Pacific plates
The plates move in different directions at
different speeds
They move at about 2 centimeters to 10
centimeters per year.
There are three types of plate
boundaries.
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Convergent Boundaries- crashing
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Divergent Boundaries- pulling apart
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Transform boundaries- side swiping
Rock Cycle
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There are three types of rocks; Igneous,
Metamorphic, and Sedimentary rock.
Igneous rock is formed when magma
cools and then it is made into crystals. It
can form underground very slowly or
above ground very quickly
Magma is a very hot liquid made up of
melted minerals. If cooled they can turn
into crystals
Sedimentary rock is created by the wind
and water, which breaks up rocks into
smaller pieces called sediments. These
pieces get clumped together to create a
sedimentary rock layer.
The rock cycle never ends. It is continuous
Convection Currents and Density
• Density is the amount of
anything in a certain space
Currents are a flow of water,
air, or any liquid (or gas).
Convection currents are
circular currents or movement
within a liquid (or gas) due to
different densities of the hotter
and cooler parts. Hot liquids
are less dense than cold and
will rise.
Historical Information
The theory of plate tectonics is based upon global observations of earthquakes and volcanoes,
which are concentrated in narrow bands on Earth, and rocks and fossils that are very similar,
but are now separated by vast distances. It is widely accepted that the surface of the Earth is
divided into about twelve tectonic plates, with relative movements occurring at their
boundaries. We use modern methods to critically examine and advance the theory of plate
tectonics, and use the theory to determine what ancient motions have occurred through New
Zealand.
plate motion (leader Dr. John Beavan)
History of plate motion (leader Dr. Rupert
Sutherland):
Antarctic deformation (leader Dr.
Nick Mortimer)
Real life Application
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Plate tectonics and thermal energy can make
earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.
How These Things Are Good
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Over millions of years volcanoes break up soil and make it more
fertile.
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Many types of useful ore are deposited from volcanoes.
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Fossil fuels are made from plates moving underground.
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Geothermal energy can be harnessed from volcanoes that still
give off heat.
Bibliography
Gardiner, Lisa. "Plate tectonics." Window to Universe. February 26, 2007. 1 Oct 2007
<http://www.ucmp/berkely.edu/geology/tectonics.html>.
Kobes, and Kunstatter, Randy, and Gabor. "Convection." Physics 1501- Modern Technology.
September. 1999. University of Winnipeg. 1 Oct 2007
<http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/tech.html>.
"Plate tectonics and people." USGS. 05.05.99. USGS. 1 Oct 2007
<http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/tectonics.html>.
Crystal, Ellie. "Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics." Crystalinks. 1995-2007. Ellie Crystal. 1
Oct 2007 <http://www.crystalinks.com/tectonicplates.html>.
"Plate Tectonics." Ring of fire. 5/13/03. USGS. september 29, 2007
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/description_plate_tectonics.html
"Plate tectonics." Earth floor. April 28, 2005. Wheeling Jesuit University. 1 october 2007
<http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates/.html>
"Cycles." Earth Floor. April 28, 2005. Wheeling Jesuit University. 1 Oct 2007
<http://www.ctof.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html>..
Gardiner, Lisa. "The mechanism of Plate tectonics." Window to the Universe. February 26, 2007.
1 Oct 2007 <http://www.ucmp.berkely.edu/geology/tectonics.html>.
Rock Cycle Worksheet
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page0
2.cfm
This is a link which leads to a short video that explains how the rock cycle
works.
Try to fill in your worksheet on the rock cycle. We
will go over the answers after you finish.