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Teleost Fish: Bonytongues Through Anglerfish
Ch. 14
Subdividision Euteleostei
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Superorder Ostariophysi
Superorder Protacanthopterygii
Superorder Stenopterygii
Superorder Cyclosquamata
Superorder Scopelomorpha
Superorder Lampridomorpha
Superorder Polymixiiformes
Superorder Paracanthopterygii
Superorder Acanthopterygii
Primitive vs. Advanced Traits
Primitive
Advanced
Elongated bodies with 50-60
vertebrae
Deeper bodies with 20-30
vertebrae
Single dorsal fin towards
middle or posterior of body
Multiple dorsal fins beginning
more anterior
Fins with soft rays only
Fins with spines and soft rays
Pectoral fins ventral
Pectoral fins high on sides of
body
Pelvic fins towards posterior
Pelvic fins below pectorals
Premaxilla and maxilla
involved in gape of jaw and
bear teeth
Maxilla limited to angle of
jaw, does not bear teeth
Non-protrusible jaw
Protrusible Jaw
Primitive vs. Advanced
(continued)
Primitive
Advanced
Physostomous gas bladder
Physoclistous gas bladder
Separate Liver and Pancreas
Hepatopancreas
Cycloid scales
Ctenoid Scales
Subdividision Euteleostei
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Superorder Ostariophysi
Superorder Protacanthopterygii
Superorder Stenopterygii
Superorder Cyclosquamata
Superorder Scopelomorpha
Superorder Lampridomorpha
Superorder Polymixiiformes
Superorder Paracanthopterygii
Superorder Acanthopterygii
Subdividision Euteleostei
• Superorder Ostariophysi -- Suckers
Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes
• Superorder Protacanthopterygii -- Pikes,
Smelts and Salmonids
• Superorder Paracanthopterygii -- Cods and
Anglerfishes
• Superorder Acanthopterygii -- Advanced
Fishes
Superorder Protocanthopterygii
• Contains three orders
– Esociformes
– Osmeriformes
– Salmoniformes
Order Esociformes
• Three families:
–Esocidae
–Umbridae
–Daliidae
Family Esocidae
• Pikes, pickerels, and muskellunge:
– Predatory; sagittiform bodies
– Large mouth & sharp teeth
– Found in N. America and
Eurasia
– Important recreational spp.
– Largest: muskellunge (musky)
• North-Central US
• Central Canada
Family Umbridae
• mudminnows:
– small
– Slow-moving
– Burrow in mud when disturbed
Family Dalliidae
• blackfishes:
– Australia and
Siberia
– Able to survive
frozen in the ice
– Remain inactive
until the thaw
Order Osmeriformes
• Two suborders:
– Argentoidea (argentines deep-sea smelts)
– Osmeroidei (smelts, galaxiids)
Suborder Argentoidei
• Argentines:
– “deep-sea smelts”
– very numerous
– harvested commercially in mid-water
trawls
Suborder Osmeroidei
• Smelts and galaxiids:
• Smelts:
– Small, silvery fish (< 30 cm)
– Popular food fish
– Freshwater, anadromous, marine
– Australian salamanderfish (galaxiid)
• Turn head sharply left or right while perched
on its pectoral fin
• Lacks lung; able to aestivate
Smelts
Salamanderfish
Order Salmoniformes
• Family Salmonidae
– Contains three subfamilies:
• Salmoninae - trouts, salmon, chars
• Coregoninae - whitefishes
• Thymalinae – graylings
– North America and Eurasia
– High latitude species
• Require high DO and cooler water for survival and
reproduction
Subfamily Salmoninae
• Trouts, salmons and chars
– Many species have landlocked and anadromous
forms
• Onchorhynchus mykiss – rainbow trout
(landlocked); steelhead (anadromous)
• O. nerka – sockeye (anadromous); kokanee
(landlocked)
Subfamily Salmoninae
• Anadromous species
– Eggs laid in freshwater
– Fry hatch and develop into parrs (large spots on side of
body)
– Transform into smolts (migrates to the sea)
– Grow to large size in sea
– Return to FW to spawn and typically die after spawning
– Transfer of nutrients upstream from seas to FW streams
important ecologically
• Dead salmon decay, biomass is utilized by scavengers that may
ultimately be preyed upon by young salmon
Subfamily Salmoninae
• Three important genera in North America:
– Onchorhynchus – Pacific salmon
• California through Canada to Alaska and throughout
Siberia
• Includes rainbow trout and cutthroat trout
– Salmo – Atlantic salmon
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Massachusetts to Canada; Iceland and Europe
Nearly extinct due to dams
Landlocked and anadromous forms
Includes brown trout – introduced to US; tolerates
warm water and lower DO
– Salvelinus – North American Chars
• Lake trout and Brook trout
Subfamily Coreginae
• Whitefishes:
– Formerly an important species
– Numbers have greatly declined relative to
introduced species
Subfamily Thymalinae
• Graylings:
– Small trout-like fishes
– Grey irridescent bodies
– Long dorsal fins
Marine Habitat
• Classified into distinct areas:
– Pelagic- area away from the shoreline
• Pelagic divided into distinct regions
– Surface to 200 meters = epipelagic
• light penetration occurs
– 200 meters to 1000 meters = mesopelagic
• Faint amount of light
• Animals migrate up at night; down during day
– 1000 meters to 4000 meters = bathypelagic
• Practically no light
Stomiiformes
• Marine hatchetfishes:
– Extremely flattened laterally
– Photophores on ventral side
• Photophores = light producing organs
• Provides countershading = less visible to predators
Myctophiformes
• Lantern fishes:
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Small black fishes
Photophores along entire body
Present in great numbers
Important food for many species
Lampridiformes
• Bizarre species:
– Opah
• Found close to the surface; taken by the same
pelagic longlines used to catch tunas and marlins
and meat is sold
oarfish
Superorder Paracanthopterygii
• Contains a number of orders that are
grouped together because of similar
morphology:
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Order Percopsiformes
Order Ophidiiformes
Order Gadiformes
Order Batrachoidiformes
Order Lophiiformes
Order Percopsiformes
• Trout perch, pirate perch, and cavefishes:
– Possess a true spine
– Possess an adipose fin
– Pirate perch:
• Pelvic fins located below pectorals
• Anus located in the throat
– Cavefishes:
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Adapted to caves
Eyes reduced
Lost their pigment
Elongated bodies
Lateral line system very well-developed
Trout perch
Anal opening
Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus sayanus)
Order Ophidiiformes
• Cusk eels :
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Taeniform body shape
Found all over world
Mostly marine
Some brightly colored
• Pearl fishes
– Very thin fishes
– Sharp pointed tails
– Live inside invertebrates
• In cloaca of sea cucumbers
• Tickles it to get back in
Order Gadiformes
• Cods and cod-like fishes:
– Large and economically important group
– Possess isocercal tails
– haddock, walleye, pollock and hake
– Cod:
• Collected in great numbers off the European coast
• Contains little fat—can be dried
• Used by ocean-going travelers as a food source
Order Batrachoidiformes
• Toadfishes:
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Bottom dwellers
Lack pleural ribs
Large mouths
Able to produce sound
• Muscular vibrations of swim
bladder
– midshipmen:
• Photophores
» Arranged on their belly like the
buttons of a midshipmen’s
uniform
Order Lophiiformes
• Anglerfishes:
– Possess modified dorsal fins “rod and lures”
• Batfishes- odd shaped
• monkfish
– Bottom dweller
– Taken in trawls
– Once considered trash fish “poor mans lobster”