Transcript 幻灯片 1

Evolution of International Society
Chen Xiaoyu
I37010
Contents
1. Introduction: the idea of international society.
Evolution of International Society
2. Ancient worlds.
3. The Christian and Islamic orders.
4.The emergence of the modern international society.
5.The globalization of international society.
6.Conclusion:problems of global international society.
1.Introduction: the idea of international society
What is International Society?
‘International Society’ refers to the rules, institutions, and shared
practices that different groups of political communities have
developed in the course of their interaction.
Broadly, ‘International Society’ can be applied to any of pattern of
relations governed to some degree by common rules and practices.
Narrowly, it only can be applied to particular historical narrative
( emergence of European state system ) and theory originated from
it( English School ).
Within the early European state system, relations were governed
by sovereign equality , non-intervention, and the rules of
international law.
English School of international
relations.
The English School of international
relation theory (sometimes also
referred to as Liberal Realism, the
International Society school or the
British institutionalists) maintains
that there is a 'society of states' at
the international level, despite the
condition of anarchy (that is, the
lack of a global ruler or world state).
Hedley Bull
2.Ancient Worlds
A. Elements of international society(rules, shared values, or similar
underlying normative) can be seen in early human communities.
Evolving process of international relations of early human communities:
Since communities settle in a fixed area, territorial possession required the
acknowledgment and acceptance by others.
With economic development and trade, mutual understanding and rules
were produced on some issues( such as the rights of ‘foreigners’ ).
Diplomatic envoys and treaties played a role in the interaction between
states.
Finally, prevailing religious beliefs mixed with comprehensive ideologies.
So the early societies acquired common normative assumptions.
B. Although there was some manifestation of elements of
international society ( such as the diplomatic policy and treaties
between ‘great kings’ in ancient middle east), the reality in most
aspect of the world was struggle for survival.
C.
After economic improvement, settled communities have the ability
to defend the nomadic tribes, more refined international systems
begin to appear.
From 700 BC to first century BC, four notable representative are:
China, India, Greece and Rome.
Manifestations of ancient countries
Old Greece
1. City-states had common language and religion.
2. All city-states place a high value on independence.
3. The Amphyctionic Council, a institution, aiming to protect shrines and
enable Greeks to engage in ritual rituals.
4. Arbitration, helping settle disputes.
5. The proxenia, represents the interest of foreign communities.
Rome
1. Deal with rival powers on a basis of equality.
2. Employing treaties and diplomacy.
3. Seek legal means settling certain disputes.
4. Require various religious rituals before a war.
5. Set a set of norms known as iusgentium(law of nations).
3.The Christian and Islamic orders
Christian order
Islamic order
1. Catholic Church worked played a key
role in elaborating the normative basis
of medieval international society;
1. Islam originally was intended to
creating a single unifying social
identity for all Muslims---umma;
2. In its early stages, the ideal of the
umma was realized in practice
through the institution of the
caliphate;
3. In early Islamic theory, the world was
divided into two parts, the abode of
war and the abode of Islam.
4. Islam put forward various moral
principles to be observed in war.
5. As the Islam’s internal unity broke
down, the Islamic accepted the
peaceful coexistence, and allowed
Christian settlements was setup in
Muslims countries.
2. Prohibitions against dealing with
Muslim or other non-Christian;
3. The Church constructed an elaborate
legal order;
4. The nomination of priesthood;
5. Church elaborated ‘just war’.
4.The emergence of the modern international society
Five elements of Contemporary International Society,
1.The concept of sovereignty;
2.Non-intervention;
3.The institutions of diplomacy;
4.The balance of power;
5.The international law.
These ingredients of European international society took hundreds of
years to take shape.
A. From the end of 15th century,
1.Larger states increasingly dominated smaller states.;
2. Protestant Reformation in 16th century devastate the claim of
supreme authority of Catholic Church;
3. Global Voyage to New World bypassed the dangerous Muslimcontrolled land.
B. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years’ War, is regarded as
event ushering in the contemporary international system.
It was the first formal acceptance of sovereignty equality for a significant
number of states.
C. From 1648-1776
This period saw the international society taking shape over the previous
200 years come to fruition.
Ottoman Empire, slowly declined. New power such as Britain and Russian
emerged. Apart from the religious and cultural similarities, the main
factors determine a kind of ‘Republic” in Europe. All states preserve their
freedom, a mutual recognition of others’ right, and above all a reliance
on balance of power.
D. The American and French revolutions had profound consequences for
international society.
After the defeat of Napoleon, the’ Concert of Europe’ was established,
which affected all three key elements of international society: the
balance of power, diplomacy, and international law.
E. The First World War brought an end to the Concert of Europe.
New power, the USA and Japan appeared. In 1919, the League of
Nations was set up, which was seen as the first comprehensive attempt
to establish a formal organizational foundation for international society.
The league was based on a new principle of collective security.
5. The Globalization of international society
After the Second World War, Cold
War divided the world into two
parts. One is SSUR and its
communist alliances. Another is
America with the members of the
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization(NATO).
Decolonization led to the worldwide
spread of the European model of
international society.
The collapse of the Soviet Union
started up the globalization of
international society.
6. Conclusion : problems of global international society
‘the sanctity, integrity and inviolability of all existing states, regardless of their
level of development, form of government, political ideology, pattern of culture
or any other domestic characteristic or condition’
--- Jackson and Owens
This conception of international society raises several major questions:
1. Several states are collapsed, failed, fragmenting, are unable to participate
in both international stage and maintain domestic issue, which could be a
origin of new serious security problems.
2. Although the United States is still the most powerful state in the world, its
capacity is weakened after the 2008 economic crisis and long-term global
military employment especially in Iraq and Afghanistan which would has
obvious implication for the future pattern of the international society.
3. The common culture and values shared by the European countries were seen
as another strategy of imperialism.
4. A series of worldwide issues like environment problems(climate change,
water shortage), poverty, local war and terrorism play a huge impact on the
local and global citizens.
Personal view to tackle these emerged problems,
1, We need more comprehensive cooperation between various global actors like
states, organizations and NGO and so forth. Only by worldwide cooperation
can those global problems be solved.
2, Richer states should take its responsibility to help the poorer states to develop
their infrastructure, economy, technology and education.
谢
@Chen Xiaoyu
2015.03.30