Building Blocks of BIOCHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL BONDS

• Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together. • There are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENT

IONIC BONDS

• Occur when 1 or more e one atom to another. are TRANSFERRED from • Losing an e = POSITIVE charge. Na + • Gaining an e = NEGATIVE charge Cl • These newly charged atoms are now called IONS

COVALENT BONDS

• Occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms. • These new structures that result from covalent bonds are called MOLECULES

SHARING IS CARING!

http://www.visionlearning.com/library/flash_viewer.php?oid=1348&mid=55 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1e-f1W-0UA&feature=related http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html

FORMULA

• Structural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded • Molecular Formula a compound – the ACTUAL formula for

C 2 H 6 O

• The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment. • carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentages CHON

TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

• Organic Compounds- Contain C & H – usually referred to as chemicals of life – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids • Inorganic Compounds – usually "support" life – Water (H 2 O), Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

1. CARBOHYDRATES

Function: • Living things use carbohydrates as their key source of ENERGY ! • Plants use carbohydrates for support –CELLULOSE – Cell Wall

CARBOHYDRATES

Structure:

• Carbohydrates (CHO) contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • H : O is 2 : 1 ratio… C 6 H 12 O 6

CARBOHYDRATES

The building blocks of Carbohydrates are simple sugars!

3 Types: –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

• all have the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 • all have a single ring structure – EX: Glucose

Disaccharides (double sugars)

all have the formula C 12 H 22 O 11 Examples: • sucrose (table sugar) • maltose monomer monomer

Polysaccharides

Formed of 3 or more simple sugar units Examples: – Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles – Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls – Starches - used as energy storage monomer monomer monomer

Types of REACTIONS

• Synthesis

+

• Digestion

+

+ Synthesis: Carbohydrate

Dehydration Synthesis

+

Hydrolysis

Digestion: Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES GLUCOSE POLYSACCHARIDES MALTOSE STARCH CELLULOSE GLYCOGEN

2. Lipids (Fats)

Types: • Fats and Waxes – solids at room temperature • Oils – liquids at room temperature Other types: Phospholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol, some Vitamins Fats -- found chiefly in animals Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants

Main Function: energy storage, protection, and insulation Other Functions: • key components of cell membranes • Steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

Lipids (Fats)

Structure

: • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • But… the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio • Tend to be large molecules

Lipids (Fats) The building blocks of lipids are:

1. Fatty Acids 2. Glycerol

Dehydration Synthesis: Lipid +

Digestion / Hydrolysis: Lipid +

3. Proteins

There are MANY functions of proteins… 1. Required for building and repair of body tissues 2. Structural Support : elastin, collagen, and keratin 3. Energy Source 4. Nutrient Transport : hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins 5. Hormones (coordinates bodily activities): insulin 6. Muscle Contractions (movement): actin and myosin 7. Antibodies (defense): Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G

8. Enzymes (aid in chemical reactions): amylase and proteases

PROTEINS

Structure:

• contain the elements C, H, O, and N

The building blocks of Proteins are Amino Acids

• There are 20 different varieties!!!

Amino Acids: methyl group amino group carboxyl group R group R GROUPS ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS THEY ARE DIFFERENT FOR EACH AMINO ACID THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN!

Dipeptide

• formed from 2 amino acids in a

dehydration synthesis reaction Dipeptide Example:

Anserine = in skeletal muscle and brain of mammals, and birds.

It is an antioxidant and helps reduce fatigue amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide

Polypeptide - Proteins

• formed from 3 or more amino acids in a

dehydration synthesis reaction Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid

Examples: insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes.

+ Digestion / Hydrolysis: Protein AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA

Polypeptides - Proteins

There are an extremely large number of different proteins in life!

Protein variety comes from: • Differences in the number of amino acids in the chain • Types of amino acids in the chain • Arrangement of amino acids in the chain

4. NUCLEOTIDES

Function:

• Many Nucleotides make up DNA! DNA = genetic instructions that direct a cell's structure and function. The ribosomes are instructed (by DNA) on which types of protein a cell will make DNA is found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles)

NUCLEOTIDES

Structure:

THE BUIDLING BLOCKS OF DNA ARE NUCLEOTIDES!

NUCLEOTIDES

1 Nucleotide consist of 3 parts: Sugar Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Base

Nitrogenous Bases in DNA come in 4 varieties!

A G C T