Transcript Document

Mobile Opportunities:
Poverty and Telephony Access in Latin America and
the Caribbean
Kim Mallalieu
Innette Cambridge
The University of the West Indies
St. Augustine
Trinidad and Tobago
West Indies
• LAC Regional Dialog on the Information Society,
funded by the IDRC
• Research and capacity building aimed at
expanding the Information Society among the
poor and disenfranchised in region
• Comprises roughly 10 LAC researchers
• 2007 research: BOP Mobile Opportunities
2007 Research
• Mobile Opportunities: Poverty and Telephony Access in
Latin America and the Caribbean
• Field studies in 7 countries:
–
–
–
–
Caribbean: Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago
Southern Cone: Argentina and Brazil
Andean Region: Peru and Colombia
Central America: Mexico
• Country reports October 2007
• Regional report to follow
Poverty Estimates
Year
Measure
Indigence or “Food
Poverty Line
%
Source
2004
Food basket (2400 cal)
alone
Adult equivalent /
capita expenditure <
US$31.43/ month
8.3%
2004 Poverty
Reduction & Social
Development Report
(IADB)
Year
Measure
Abs Poverty Line
%
Source
2004
Food basket (2400 cal)
+ non-food
requirements based on
expenditure of poorest
40 % of individuals on
non-food items.
Adult equivalent /
24%
capita expenditure <
US$59.77/ month
2004 Poverty
Reduction & Social
Development Report
(IADB)
Adult equivalent /
17%
capita expenditure <
US$103.80 / month
2007 T&T Poverty
Reduction & Social
Development Report
(EU)*
2007
*Unpublished
T&T Sampling Strategy - Size
National Population[1]
1,262,366
Total BOP Population, percentage[2]
24%
Total BOP Population, absolute, N
302,968
Margin of Error, e
5.00%
Confidence Interval (%)
95.00
Level of Confidence, z
1.96
Sample Size[3]
384
No Response Factor (%)
10
Calculated Sample Size
422
Final Sample Size
522
[1]Source: CSO (2000)
[2] Source: IADB (2004) using data derived from 1997/1998 Household Budgetary Survey
[3] Calculated using [((N(z/2e)2)/(N-1+ (z/2e)2)]
Sample Distribution: Geographic Regions
Area
Urban
/ Rural
% of Poor
Population
% of
Sample
No of
Resp’ts
Port of Spain
Urban
2.6
13
13
San Fernando
Urban
2.7
14
14
St. George
U/R
32.9
165
98
Caroni
U/R
7.6
38
94
Nariva / Mayaro
Rural
4.9
25
22
St. Andrew / St.
David
U/R
9.1
46
101
20.6
103
88
15.3
77
86
4.3
22
21
100
503
537
Island
T’dad
Victoria
St. Patrick
Tobago
Tobago
TOTAL
U/R
U/R
U/R
Sample: Pockets of Poverty
Poverty Measure Vague
• No Poverty Map
• Respondents reluctant to provide income info
BOP communities 'pockets of poverty', estimated from:
• The Electoral List provided by the Elections and Boundaries
Commission and the version utilised was the list as of first
quarter 2007
• CSO 2000 Population and Housing Census data as well as the
CSO – Geographic Information Section – Map of Population
Distribution of communities by Municipal Corporations.
• Contractor’s rich experience of socio-economic characteristics of
communities
Possible Proxy - Water
• Formulating poverty measure complex
• No universally accepted computation model exists
• Models vary based on attempts to capture cultural
specificities
• DIRSI Survey does not adequately capture
– variables used in past studies and existing measures
of poverty
– Income values and sources
• Water used as single proxy because
– DIRSI Survey does not adequately capture housing
(materials, overcrowding, sanitation, amenities)
– Housing is a compound measure
• All housing parameters (amenities; materials
ambiguous)
Rationale: Access to water
• Used internationally as a reliable proxy for living
standards
• In T&T, “those with higher incomes were more likely
to have a piped-in water supply” (Henry et al. in
Suarez et al. 2006: 82)
• 1992 SLC revealed that residents in Quintile V were
more than twice as likely to have piped water into
their homes than those in Quintile 1 (Henry et al. in
Suarez et al. 2006: 82)
Use of Water as a Proxy
• Population without sustainable access to improved
water sources include those who access water from
“… vendors, bottled water, tanker trucks and
unprotected wells and springs” (UNDP Human
Development Report 1996:410)
• Population with sustainable access to improved water
sources include those who access it via “…
household connections, public standpipes, boreholes,
protected dug well, protected springs and rain water
collection.” (UNDP Human Development Report
1996:410)
Valid Percent
Actual Sample by Proxy (Water)
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
48.4
22.2
11.2
10.0
3.1
Piped water
inside the
home?
Piped water
outside the
home?
Piped water Barrel water? Water from a
with stand
well, river,
pipe or
lake, stream
hydrant?
or other such
source?
5.2
Other
Actual Sample by Proxy Walls
Valid Percent
60.0
48.4
50.0
42.2
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
2.5
6.0
0.8
0.0
Discarded
materials
Cardboard,
Reeds, bamboo, Wood or adobe
metal or
palm leaves,
asbestos sheets
and/or mud
Brick, block,
stone, gravel,
cement or
concrete
Prefer: Weighted SEC Measure
e.g. using Basic Needs Index
Item
Response
Score
1) Wall type
Brick/Block/Concrete
Wood and Concrete
Wood
Wattle/Tapia/makeshift
3
2
1
0
2) Toilet type
WC to sewer/cess pit
Pit latrine/None
1
0
3) Light Source
Electricity or gas
Kerosene /none
1
0
4) Possessions***
TV/Telephone/Video/Stove/Fridge/
Washing machine
Car/pick-up
0.5 each
1
Basic Needs Index Cont.
Item
Response
Score
5) No persons per bedroom
<1
1-1.99
2-3
3.01 or more
3
2
1
0
6)
Education
(summary)
of
head Tertiary/university
Secondary complete
Secondary incomplete
Primary complete
Primary incomplete
None
5
4
3
2
1
0
7) No employed to total 1
number of persons
x<1, x>0.49
x<0.5, x>0.25
x<.25
3
2
1
0
Maximum Score
20
Actual Sample Distribution by Age
Distribution of Respondents
2.8%
13-17
18-25
11.6%
14.9%
26-35
11.2%
36-45
21.6%
15.3%
22.6%
46-55
56-65
66+
Actual Sample Distribution by Gender
Gender Distribution of
Respondents
Male
40
52%
48%
Female
Chart 4: Gender Distribution of Respondents
Actual Sample by Education
Valid Percent
60.0
53.2
50.0
40.0
28.2
30.0
20.0
10.0
8.6
6.3
1.2
1.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
None
Preschool
Primary
Secondary
Vocational
school
University or Master's or
Professional
PhD
Degree
Doesn't
know
Valid Percent
Actual Sample by Occupation
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
80.0
5.0
Helped with
a family
business?
6.8
1.8
1.8
4.5
Helped by In exchange
Made
Sold goods
for pay
/products? something to working in
the fields or carried out
sell?
another type
breeding
of activity?
livestock?
Didn't work
last week
Valid Percent
Actual Sample by Occupation
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
66.0
24.2
Employee
Self
employed
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.9
Worker on
commission
Unpaid
worker in
family
business or
on the family
farm
Employer
Other
Actual Sample by Household Size
%
No. of Family Members in Household
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
No. of Family Members
9
10
11
12
13
14
Actual Sample by Urban / Rural
Urban/Rural Distribution of Respondents
/Rural Distribution of Respondents
33%
67%
33%
Urban
Rural
Fieldwork Notes
• Questionnaire too long
• Little data revealed on income and
source
• Different response rates for data on
different sections
Key Preliminary Findings
•
Mobile: most widespread form of telecommunications
access within the BOP communities in Trinidad and
Tobago, both urban and rural
•
Mobiles mostly used as a social tool and serve to
maintain contact within the social frameworks
incorporating the members of the BOP communities.
•
Prepaid packages most prevalent on account of better
control of expenditures over post-paid scheme
Thank You
Food Basket (2004) - Content
• Counter Flour
• Parboiled Rice
• Macaroni
• Green Bananas
• Yam
• Irish Potatoes
• Brown Sugar
• Split Peas
• Chick Peas
• Tomato Ketchup
• Calaloo Bush
• Melongene
• Pumpkin
• Orange
• Ripe Bananas
• Grapefruit
• Canned Grapefruit
Juice
• Chicken
• Beef
• Powdered Milk
• Cheese
• Corned Beef
• Codfish
• Eggs
• Pork
• Oil
• Margarine
Food Basket - Composition
Water (G) = 156.2 Riboflavin (Mg) = 1.28
Energy (Kcal) = 2400.0 Niacin (Mg) = 16.6
Protein (G) = 76.5 Vitamin C (Mg) = 132.9
Fat (G) = 63.1 Total Cost ($) = 7.62
Carbohydrate (G) = 386.0 Total Amount (Lb) = 2.86
Fibre (G) = 5.5 Total Amount (Kg) = 1.30
Calcium (Mg) = 624.0
Iron (Mg) = 20.2
Vitamin A (R.E.) = 528.5
Thiamin (Mg) = 1.9
Source: Generated from CFNI Programme
Integrated T&T Poverty Measures
• 1992 Survey of Living Conditions (SLC) used
known variables which correlate to causes of poverty
(Report on SLC: World Bank 1995:2):
•
•
•
•
•
•
Earned income and expenditure
Access to potable water
Access to sanitary services (flush toilets and septic tanks)
Education (attendance of minors and level attained by adults)
Access to and extent of use of health services
Housing
–
–
–
–
–
Adequacy of provision
Type of tenancy
Land tenancy
Persons per room
Extent of overcrowding
• Household Budgetary Survey (HBS 1997-98)
• Additionally used household expenditure levels
Limitations of HBS and SLC
• As seen with the 1975,1981/82 and 1998
Household budgetary Surveys conducted by
the CSO “households tended to show
expenditure over and above their
incomes…” (MOSD 1996:12)
• Poverty line measure does not allow for
consideration of the role of social factors
• Poverty is more than just about not attaining
the minimum needed for survival