Transcript Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
INDEKS KELESTARIAN
LINGKUNGAN
=
Environmental
Sustainability Index
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESSES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Air Pollution
Water Pollution/Use
Ecosystem Stress
Waste/Consumption
Population
Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012
POLUSI UDARA
Polusi udara adalah
masuknya ke atmosfer bahan
kimia, partikulat, atau bahan
biologis yang menyebabkan
ketidaknyamanan, penyakit,
atau kematian manusia,
kerusakan organisme hidup
lainnya seperti tanaman
pangan, atau kerusakan
lingkungan alam atau
lingkungan binaan.
(Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pol
lution)
Diunduh dari:
Air pollution is contamination of the
indoor or outdoor environment by any
chemical, physical or biological agent
that modifies the natural characteristics
of the atmosphere. Household
combustion devices, motor vehicles,
industrial facilities and forest fires are
common sources of air pollution.
Pollutants of major public health
concern include particulate matter,
carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen
dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and
indoor air pollution cause respiratory
and other diseases, which can be fatal.
http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution/en/……………… 29/11/2012
POLUTAN UDARA
Suatu zat di udara yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada manusia
dan lingkungan dikenal sebagai polutan udara. Polutan dapat berupa
partikel padat, titik-titik cairan, atau gas. Selain itu, polutan dapat
bersifat alamiah atau buatan manusia.
Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary
pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a
volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle
exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants
are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary
pollutants react or interact.
An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone —
one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical
smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they
are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution……………… 29/11/2012
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION:
1. Greenhouse effect,
2. Particulate
contamination,
3. Increased UV
radiation,
4. Acid rain,
5. Increased ground
level ozone
concentration,
6. Increased levels of
nitrogen oxides.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include
1. Sulphur oxides (SOx) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2.
2. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature
combustion, and are also produced naturally during thunderstorms by electrical discharge.
3. Carbon monoxide (CO)- is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a
product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a
major source of carbon monoxide.
4. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas also associated with ocean
acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration.
5. Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are
often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs).
6. Atmospheric particulate matter - Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM)
or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas.
7. Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.
8. Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.
9. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned
from use.
10. Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula
NH3.
11. Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
12. Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war explosives, and
natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012
Secondary pollutants include:
1. Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical
smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog.
Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of
smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular
and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun
to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form
photochemical smog.
2. Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the
troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere
commonly known as the Ozone layer.
3. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants.
A variety of persistent organic pollutants (POP), which can attach to particulate matter.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental
degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012
SUMBER POLUSI UDARA
Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are
responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere.
1. Anthropogenic sources (human activity):
1. "Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities
(factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning
heating devices.
2. "Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound
etc.
3. Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management.
4. Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents
5. Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.
6. Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry.
2. Natural sources
1. Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation
2. Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle
3. Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust.
4. Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires
5. Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of VOCs on
warmer days.
6. Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012
FAKTOR EMISI
Faktor emisi polutan udara adalah nilai-nilai representatif jumlah
polutan yang dilepaskan ke udara ambien berhubungan dengan aktivitas
yang terkait dengan pelepasan polutan itu.
These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant
divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the
activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate
emitted per megagram of coal burned).
Faktor emisi ini memudahkan estimasi emissions dari
berbagai sumber polusi udara.
In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available
data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be
representative of long-term averages.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012
SARANA KONTROL POLUSI UDARA
Particulate control
1. Mechanical collectors (dust cyclones, multicyclones)
2. Electrostatic precipitators
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection
device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an
induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration
devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily
remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream.
3. Baghouses
Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a
filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from
air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust).
4. Particulate scrubbers
Wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of
devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet
scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by
spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact
method, so as to remove the pollutants.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012
SARANA KONTROL POLUSI UDARA
NOx control
1. Low NOx burners
2. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
3. Selective non-catalytic reduction
(SNCR)
4. NOx scrubbers
5. Exhaust gas recirculation
6. Catalytic converter (also for VOC
control)
Acid Gas/SO2 control
1. Wet scrubbers
2. Dry scrubbers
3. Flue-gas desulfurization
VOC abatement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Adsorption systems, such as activated carbon
Flares
Thermal oxidizers
Catalytic converters
Biofilters
Absorption (scrubbing)
Cryogenic condensers
Vapor recovery systems
Mercury control
Sorbent Injection Technology
Electro-Catalytic Oxidation (ECO)
K-Fuel
Dioxin and furan control
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - CHINA
The API level is based on the level of 5 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates (PM10), carbon
monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stations
throughout each city.
An individual score is assigned to the level of each pollutant and the final API is
the highest of those 5 scores. The pollutants can be measured quite differently.
SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentration are measured as average per day. CO and O3
are more harmful and are measured as average per hour.
The final API value is calculated per day.
The scale for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final API score. Thus an API
of 100 does not mean twice the pollution of API at 50, nor does it mean twice as
harmful. While an API of 50 from day 1 to 182 and API of 100 from day 183 to
365 does provide an annual average of 75, it does not mean the pollution is
acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. This is because the
benchmark is a 24 hour target.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - CHINA
API and Health Implications (Daily Targets)
0 - 50
51 -100
Air Pollution
Level
Excellent
Good
101-150
Slightly Polluted
151-200
Lightly Polluted
API
201-250
251-300
300+
Health Implications
No health implications
No health implications
Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems
should reduce outdoor exercise.
Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems
should reduce outdoor exercise.
Moderately Polluted
Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart
problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These
individuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.
Heavily Polluted
Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart
problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These
individuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.
Severely Polluted
Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities. There may
be strong irritations and symptoms and may trigger other illnesses. Elders
and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals
should avoid out door activities.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - HONGKONG
In Hong Kong, there are two types of API: General API and Roadside API. The EPD reports the
latest APIs hourly.
The table below shows the official Health Implications of the respective API levels in Hong Kong.
API
0 - 25
26 - 50
51 - 100
101 - 200
201 - 500
Air Pollution
Level
Low
Medium
Health Implications;
Not expected.
Not expected for the general population.
High
Acute health effects are not expected but chronic
effects may be observed if one is persistently
exposed to such levels.
Very High
People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses
may notice mild aggravation of their health
conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also
notice some discomfort.
Severe
People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses
may experience significant aggravation of their
symptoms. There may also be widespread
symptoms in the healthy population (e.g. eye
irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and sore
throats).
The API is based on the
level of 6 atmospheric
pollutants, namely sulfur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), respirable
suspended particulates,
carbon monoxide (CO),
ozone (O3), lead (Pb),
measured at all the
monitoring stations
throughout the territory.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API)- MALAYSIA
The air quality in Malaysia
is reported as the API or
Air Pollution Index.
Four of the index's
pollutant components
(i.e., carbon monoxide,
ozone, nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur dioxide) are
reported in ppmv but
PM10 particulate matter is
reported in μg/m3.
This scale below shows the
Health classifications used
by the Malaysian
government.
API
Air Pollution
Level
0 - 50
Good
51 - 100
Moderate
101 - 200
Unhealthy
201 - 300
Very unhealthy
301+
Hazardous
If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared
in the reporting area.
Usually, this means that non-essential government
services are suspended, and all ports in the affected
area are closed.
There may also be a prohibition on private sector
commercial and industrial activities in the reporting
area excluding the food sector.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012
EfeK Polusi Udara
Efek terhadap kesehatan manusia
Acute effects
 Chronic effects

Efek terhadap lingkungan alam
Acid rain
 Ozone layer depletion
 Global warming
 Global climate change

diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Efek Polusi Udara thd Kesehatan Manusia
Respiratory, digestion, mucus, skin, and
neural systems
1984 Bhopal accident
1986 Chernobyl
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Air Pollution: From Local to Global
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Air Pollution: From Local to Global
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
CHANGES
Global climate and
environmental changes
GLOBAL AIR
POLLUTION ISSUES
Stratosphere ozone layer
Global warming
LOCAL EFFECT
Soot and smoke
by heavy industry
URBAN &
MULTICITY EFFECT
Photochemical smog
CROSS BOUNDARY
AIR POLLUTION
Acid rain and acidic
deposition
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
More Than Global
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Polusi Udara di Asia - Pacific
2.1 Urban Air Quality
2.2 Acid Rain
2.3 Sandstorms
2.4 Atmospheric Brown Cloud
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Polusi Udara & Kontrolnya di China
3.1 Air pollution situation
3.2 Ambient air quality standards and API
3.3 Two control zones and mass loading control
3.4 Energy use and industrial restructuring
3.5 Vehicular emission control
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Situasi Polusi Udara
1.
2.
3.
4.
Urban air quality
Acid rain
Sand storms
Vehicular emission related air pollution
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
1985
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Ambient Air Quality Standards & Air Pollution Index
• Three classes of ambient air quality standards:
(1) reserved areas;
(2) residential areas；
(3) industrial areas and the areas near major
roads of transportation
• Air pollution index (API)
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
“Two-Control Zone” & Mass Loading Control
• “Two-Control Zone” means the areas where SO2 and
acid rain must be controlled;
• Mass loading control;
• Targets:
(1) To 2000, SO2 emitting industrial sources should attain emission requirements;
mass-loading control should be put in practice; the SO2 concentrations of large
cities should attain NAASQ standards; acid rain pollution worsening tendency
should be mitigated.
(2) To 2010, the total amount of SO2 emission should keep the level of the year 2000;
SO2 concentration for all urban areas should attain the requirement of NAASQ;
and the acid rain area with rain pH values smaller than 4.5 should be significantly
reduced in comparison with that in 2000.
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Energy Use & ndustrial Restructuring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Coal, low sulfur content, formed…
Gasification
Centralized heating
Natural gas
Close, stop, change, move out heavily
polluting factories
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Kontrol emisi kendaraan
•
•
•
•
•
Gasoline tanpa Pb
Emission standards (Euro II, July 1, 2004)
Black effluent reporting
Old vehicle phase out
Transportation planning
– non-vehicle transportation
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Tantangan & Peluang
4.1 Growing economy and air pollution
4.2 Urban transportation
4.3 Renewable and alternative energy
4.4 Management and enforcement
4.5 International cooperation
4.6 Change to a new consumption mode
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi & Polusi Udara
1. Energy and material consumption;
urbanization; transportation
2. More investment; better technologies;
self consciousness
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Urban Transportation
• Urban planning
– Urban density control
– Avoid over-suburbanization
• Public transportation
• Non-vehicle transportation
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
Penurunan daya dukung
The graphic shows
how abrupt climate
change may cause
human carrying
capacity to fall below
usage of the ecosystem, suggesting
insufficient resources
leading to a
contraction of the
population through
war, disease, and
famine.
(Schwartz and
Randall, 2003)
diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt
5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution
Hemat energi di sekitar rumah.
Menurut US Environmental Protection Agency, hemat
energi dapat mengurangi emisi karbon.
Karena sumber energi yang paling membutuhkan
pembakaran bahan bakar fosil, semakin sedikit energi
yang digunakan, akan semakin hijau.
Set peralatan dan lampu pada timer untuk mematikan
setelah jangka waktu tertentu tidak aktif.
Gunakan lampu neon kompak bukan bola lampu
standar, dan menggunakan microwave, bukan dari oven
untuk memanaskan benda-benda kecil.
Diunduh dari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html
5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution
Kelola pemanasan dan pendinginan.
Hidupkan termostat Anda turun di musim dingin dan di musim
panas setiap kali Anda berada di tempat kerja, tidur atau
berlibur.
Anda juga dapat mengaktifkan pemanas air Anda ke 120 derajat
untuk menghemat daya.
Pastikan isolasi Anda sampai ke tingkat yang direkomendasikan
untuk wilayah Anda, dan melindungi pipa yang melewati ruang
pemanas.
Periksa untuk melihat bahwa jendela dan pintu tidak bocor udara
hangat atau dingin.
Senantiasa memastikan tungku dan AC berjalan efisien,
melakukan pemeliharaan rutin.
Diunduh dari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html
5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution
Mengurangi jumlah kemasan yang dibeli dan jumlah
sampah rumah tangga yang dihasilkan.
Proses pembuatan kemasan melepaskan emisi
berbahaya ke atmosfer, sehingga merendahkan merek
yang menggunakan sesedikit mungkin kemasan.
Recycle segala sesuatu yang didapat: aluminium, kertas,
kaca, plastik dan kardus biasanya mudah untuk
mendaur ulang.
Ketika membuang zat kimia berbasis seperti cat,
baterai, pestisida atau pelarut, cek dengan kantor
pengelolaan limbah di daerah anda untuk, metode
ramah lingkungan yang aman
Diunduh dari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html
5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution
Kurangi jumlah waktu yang Anda habiskan di dalam mobil.
Carpool atau menggunakan transportasi umum kapanpun Anda
bisa. Untuk jarak pendek, berjalan kaki atau naik sepeda untuk
melakukan tugas.
Menurut US Department of Transportation, berubah untuk
carpooling dapat menyelamatkan seseorang lebih dari $ 1.000
per tahun.
Jika Anda menghindari mengemudi sendirian hanya satu hari
setiap minggu selama satu tahun, Anda dapat menghemat ratusan
dolar dalam biaya, belum lagi keausan pada mobil Anda.
Ketika Anda harus berkendara, isi ulang tangki bensin Anda pada
saat dingin hari dan menghindari menumpahkan gas untuk
mencegah penguapan ke atmosfer.
Diunduh dari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html
5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution
Meningkatkan ekonomi bahan bakar.
Kenaikan 1 persen pada ekonomi bahan bakar sama dengan
penurunan 1 persen emisi karbon dioksida.
Hindari mempercepat cepat, pengereman keras dan mengemudi
dengan kecepatan tinggi, terutama ketika di lalu lintas berat.
Hapus kelebihan berat badan dari mobil Anda dan menghapus
rak atap terpakai atau pembawa sepeda, yang menyebabkan
hambatan.
Diunduh dari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Urban vegetation can directly and indirectly affect local and
regional air quality by altering the urban atmospheric environment.
The four main ways that urban trees affect air quality are:
1. Temperature reduction and other microclimatic effects
2. Removal of air pollutants
3. Emission of volatile organic compounds and tree maintenance
emissions
4. Energy effects on buildings.
Diunduh dari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Penurunan Suhu Udara:
Transpirasi pohon dan kanopi pohon mempengaruhi suhu udara , penyerapan radiasi dan
penyimpanan panas , kecepatan angin , kelembaban relatif , turbulensi , permukaan Albedo
, kekasaran permukaan, dan akibatnya evolusi ketinggian lapisan pencampuran udara.
Perubahan kondisi meteorologi lokal dapat mengubah konsentrasi polusi di perkotaan .
Meskipun pohon biasanya berkontribusi terhadap penurunan suhu udara, kehadirannya
dapat meningkatkan suhu udara dalam beberapa hal khusus.
Di daerah dengan tajuk pohon yang tersebar , radiasi dapat mencapai dan memanaskan
permukaan tanah , pada saat yang sama , kanopi dapat mengurangi pencampuran
atmosfer sehingga udara dingin tidak dapat mencapai daerah tersebut. Dalam kasus ini ,
pohon rindang dan transpirasi mungkin tidak dapat mengimbangi naiknya suhu udara akibat
berkurangnya proses pencampuran udara.
Pengurangan suhu udara tengah hari maksimum karena pohon-pohon berkisar 0.04oC 0.2oC per persen peningkatan tutupan kanopi.
Di bawah tajuk pohon di atas rumput , suhu udara tengah hari pada 1,5 m di atas tanah
0.7o C - 1.3oC lebih dingin daripada di daerah terbuka .
Penurunan suhu udara juga dapat mengurangi pembentukan ozon .
Diunduh dari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Penyerapan Polutan Udara:
Pohon menghilangkan gas pencemar udara terutama oleh penyerapan melalui
stomata daun, meskipun ada beberapa jenis gas yang dikeluarkan oleh
permukaan tanaman.
Setelah masuk daun, gas berdifusi ke ruang antar sel dan dapat diserap oleh
film air untuk membentuk asam atau bereaksi dengan permukaan daun.
Pohon juga mengendalikan polusi dengan menangkap partikel udara.
Beberapa partikel dapat diserap ke dalam pohon, meskipun sebagian besar
partikel yang ditangkap itu dipertahankan pada permukaan tanaman.
Partikel yang ditangkap tersebut disuspensikan kembali ke atmosfer, dicuci
oleh hujan, atau jatuh ke tanah bersama dengan daun dan ranting.
Vegetasi hanya menjadi situs retensi sementara bagi berbagai macam partikel
atmosfer.
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THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Pada tahun 1994, pohon di Kota New mampu menyerap sekitar 1.821 metrik ton
polusi udara pada perkiraan nilainya bagi masyarakat sekitar $ 9.500.000.
Penyembuhan polusi udara oleh hutan kota di New York lebih besar dari di
Atlanta (1.196 t; $ 6.500.000) dan Baltimore (499 t; $ 2.700.000), tetapi penyerapan
polusi per m2 tutupan kanopi hampir sama di antara kota-kota ini (New York:
13,7 g/m2 / tahun, Baltimore: 12,2 g/m2 / thn, Atlanta: 10,6 g/m2 / yr).
Laju penyerapan polusi udara di antara kota-kota sesuai dengan jumlah polusi
udara, lamanya musim pohon berdaun, curah hujan, dan variabel meteorologi
lainnya.
Pohon besar dan sehat (diameternya lebih dari 77 cm) menyerap polusi udara
sekitar 70 kali lebih besar per tahun (1,4 kg / tahun) daripada pohon sehat kecil
yang diameternya kurang dari 8 cm (0,02 kg / tahun).
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THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Perbaikan kualitas udara di Kota New York karena penyerapan polusi oleh
pohon selama siang hari musim berdaun rata-rata 0,47% untuk partikulat,
0,45% untuk ozon, 0,43% untuk sulfur dioksida, 0,30% untuk nitrogen dioksida,
dan 0,002% untuk karbon monoksida.
Kualitas udara meningkat dengan peningkatan tutupan pohon dan penurunan
ketinggian lapisan pencampuran udara.
Di daerah perkotaan dengan 100% tutupan pohon (yaitu tegakan hutan
kontinyu), perbaikan jangka pendek kualitas udara (satu jam) akibat
penyerapan polusi oleh pohon-pohon dapat mencapai 15% untuk ozon, 14%
untuk sulfur dioksida, 13% untuk partikulat, 8% untuk nitrogen dioksida, dan
0,05% untuk karbon monoksida.
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THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Emisi Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC):
Emisi senyawa organik yang mudah menguap oleh pohon dapat
berkontribusi pada pembentukan ozon dan karbon monoksida.
Namun, dalam atmosfer dengan konsentrasi oksida nitrogen rendah
(misalnya, beberapa lingkungan pedesaan), VOC dapat benar-benar
merusak ozon.
Karena emisi VOC sangat tergantung suhu, dan temperatur udara di lokasi
pohon umumnya lebih rendah, maka peningkatan tutupan pohon dapat
menurunkan emisi VOC secara keseluruhan dan, akibatnya, tingkat ozon di
daerah perkotaan juga menurun.
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THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Tingkat emisi VOC juga bervariasi di antarav spesies pohon.
Sembilan genera pohon yang memiliki tingkat tertinggi standar emisi
isoprena, dan oleh karena itu mempunyai efek relatif terbesar terhadap
peningkatan ozon, adalah: beefwood (Casuarina spp.), Eucalyptus spp,
sweetgum (Liquidambar spp.), Karet hitam. (Nyssa spp.) , sycamore (Platanus
spp.), poplar (Populus spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), hitam
belalang (Robinia spp.), dan willow (Salix spp.).
Namun demikian , hasil ini masih belum meyakinkan, apakah genera ini
berkontribusi untuk pembentukan ozon di kota-kota (yaitu, pembentukan
ozon dari emisi VOC lebih besar dari pelenyapan ozon).
Beberapa genera pohon di Brooklyn, NY, yang mempunyai efek relatif besar
pada penurunan ozon adalah murbei (Morus spp.), Cherry (Prunus spp.),
Linden (Tilia spp.) dan madu belalang (Gleditsia sp.).
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THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Pohon di tempat parkir juga dapat mempengaruhi
emisi evaporatif dari kendaraan, khususnya
melalui naungan oleh pohon rindang.
Peningkatan tutupan pohon di lapangan parkir
sebesar 8% sampai 50% dapat mengurangi laju
emisi VOC kendaraan sebesar 2% dan mengurangiu
emisi nitrogen oksida menjadi kurang dari 1%.
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THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Gabungan Efek:
Perubahan iklim mikro perkotaan dapat mempengaruhi emisi polusi,
khususnya pembentukan ozon.
Sebuah model simulasi tentang hilangnya hutan kota 20 persen di daerah
Atlanta akibat urbanisasi menyebabkan peningkatan 14 persen konsentrasi
ozon.
Meskipun ada sedikit pohon yang memancarkan VOC, peningkatan suhu
udara Atlanta karena pulau panas perkotaan, yang terjadi bersamaan
dengan hilangnya pohon, peningkatan emisi VOC dari pohon-pohon yang
tersisa dan sumber antropogenik, dan mengubah ozon secara kimia
sedemikian rupa sehingga konsentrasi ozon meningkat.
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THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITY
David J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.
Strategi pengelolaan hutan kota untuk memperbaiki kualitas udara meliputi:
1. Meningkatkan jumlah pohon yang sehat ( meningkatkan penyerapan polusi ) .
2. Mempertahankan tutupan pohon yang ada ( mempertahankan tingkat penghapusan polusi ) .
3. Maksimalkan penggunaan pohon memancarkan VOC rendah ( mengurangi ozon dan
pembentukan karbon monoksida ) .
4. Mempertahankan pohon besar dan sehat ( pohon besar memiliki efek terbesar per pohon ) .
5. Gunakan pohon berumur panjang ( mengurangi emisi polutan jangka panjang dari penanaman
dan penghapusan ) .
6. Gunakan pohon yang mudah pemeliharaannya ( mengurangi emisi polutan dari kegiatan
pemeliharaan ) .
7. Mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil dalam memelihara vegetasi ( mengurangi emisi
polutan ) .
8. Menanam pohon di lokasi konservasi energi ( mengurangi emisi polutan dari pembangkit listrik ) .
9. Menanam pohon untuk menaungi mobil yang diparkir ( mengurangi emisi VOC kendaraan ) .
10. Pasokan air yang cukup untuk vegetasi ( meningkatkan penghapusan polusi dan penurunan suhu).
11. Menanam pohon di daerah tercemar atau daerah padat penduduk ( memaksimalkan manfaat
pohon kualitas udara ) .
12. Hindari spesies sensitif polutan ( meningkatkan kesehatan pohon ) .
13. Memanfaatkan pohon cemara untuk penyerapan partikel ( penyerapan partikel sepanjang tahun)
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MENANAM POHON UNTUK MEMBERSIHKAN UDARA
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