Transcript Document

The history of the United Kingdom
Prehistory to Germanic invasions
•The first known inhabitants of the British Isles were the Picts
•The Celts who were coming from Europe from the 8th century BC intermingled
with the original inhabitants and formed an Iron Celtic culture
•Silbury Hill and Stonehenge in south- western England are most notable
monuments from that period
•The Roman period lasted between 43 and 410 AD and they ruled the whole of
Britain except northern Scotland and they left trace in the English language
(especially place names such as Chester, Lancaster, coming from Latin castramilitary camp)
•Latin was spoken mainly in towns, whereas Celtic speech was dominant n the
country
•In the 5th century Angles and Saxons from north – western Europe invaded and
occupied England and southern Scotland
•These Germanic tribes introduced new farming methods and established
numerous villages
•Christianity came in the 5th century in Ireland and Scotland and at the end of the
6th century in England
The medieval period
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The Danes(Vikings) from Scandinavia invaded Britain in the eighth century
and settled in the north and east
The Vikings left a trace in the standard language as we know it today,
especially in the area of legal terminology
The English were invaded by the Normans (who came from northern France) ,
led by Duke William Of Normandy in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and were
defeated in that battle
A feudal system was imposed , the nobles were Norman and the peasants were
English-speaking Saxons
The Normans occupied the whole of England,eastern Ireland and the whole of
Wales
The Welsh managed to preserve their Celtic language
Three languages were spoken parallelly:Latin by priests, Norman French by
aristocrates and Saxon by commoners(Saxon developed into Middle English)
The Parliament was established in the 13th century
The sixteenth century
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This period was marked by Bubonic Plague and the Wars of the Roses (wars
between the houses of York and Lancaster for the English throne)
The Parliament was divided into two ˝Houses˝(The House of Lords and the
House of Commons)
King Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic church when he divorced his
first wife Catherine of aragon in order to marry Anne Boleyn who, he hoped,
would give him a son
Henry VIII established a new church, Anglican church or ˝Church of England˝
In Scotland Calvinism, which insisted on simplicity and dislike of celebration,
became the dominant religion
Henry´s daughter Elizabeth I strengthened Protestantism and her reign
marked the golden period in English history with dominance of England in
politics , war operations, colonial expansion and culture
The seventeenth century
• James VI of Scotland became James I of England, English and Scottish
thrones were united
• Parliament had established its supremacy over the monarchy, the
Stuart royal family did not consult the House of Commons when it
concerned finances, which enraged Puritans who regarded many
practices of the Church of England immoral as well as the King´s
lifestyle
• This led to the Civil War and the establishment of republic with Oliver
Cromwell as the ˝Lord Protector˝,Charles I executed
- After Cromwell´s death The Anglican church and the monarchy were
restored
- James II gave full rights to Catholics, but was overthrown by Prince
William of Orange(the ruler of the Netherlands) and his Stewart wife
Mary who were invited to rule by the Parliament
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The eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries
The Scottish Parliament joined the English and the Welsh Parliaments in 1707
Britain expanded its empire in the Americas, the increased trade led to the
Industrial Revolution, there were many technical innovations in the areas of
manufacturing and transport
Areas of common land, which had been available for use by everybody in a
village for the grazing of animals were incorporated into bigger and more
efficient farms, which led to the migration of hundreds of people from the village
to towns
London had a population around one million at the end of the seventeenth century
Britain lost its American colonies in 1777, in Ireland many people died of hunger
because of failed potato crop
Another parts of the Empire were Canada, Australia and New Zealand with their
internal self-government,they recognized the authority of the British government
The British Empire also included India, large parts of Africa, the Carribean
Britain became the world´s foremost economic power, the British came to see
themselves as having a duty to spread culture and civilization around the world
The twentieth century
• In the nineteenth century many people lived in very
unpleasant conditions, writers and intellectuals of this
period protested against it
• In 1922 The Irish Free state is born
• Britain was no longer the world´ s richest country
• The Suffragettes achieved the right to vote
• The urban working force was united into trade unions; the
main political parties became the Conservative Party and
the Labour Party
• In 1971 decimal currency is introduced
• In 1978 Britain joins the European Economic Community
• In 1994 Channel tunnel opens
•The History of the USA
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Early encounters with Native Americans
The original inhabitants of North America were Indian tribes, most numerous were
Cherokee, Apache, Sioux, Comanche
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The Native Indians believed that there is soul in every living thing like trees, animals;
they also thought that land belonged to everybody and there was no private property
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first European explorers and settlers encountered Native Americans in the late 1400s
and 1500s
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Native Americans contracted many diseases from Europeans and their population shrank
from 10 million to 2-3 million
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The exchange of plants and animals included horses, donkeys,sheep, pigs and cows
which were alien to Native Indians and potatoes, maize,pumpkins and tobaco , which
were discoveries to Europeans
Native Americans were Pantheists, they believed that the divine was in all things and
that humans were no more important that any other part of the world
The founders
• First immigrants in North America are considered founders rather
than immigrants because they created customs, laws and institutions
to which later arrivals had to adjust
• No direct rule over the colonies by the British crown was established,
joint stock companies were responsible for colonization, the settlers
were sent to America to make profit
• The English established their first permanent settlement at
Jamestown, Virginia, their main goal was to find gold and a passage
to Asian markets
• They eventually became tobacco plantation owners and exported
tobacco, they all demanded to own land, the workers on plantations
were black people brought from Africa, who became slaves of those
white plantation owners
• Other colonies included Maryland, settled by Catholics , they
concentrated on rice and indigo
• Massachussets was settled by Pilgrims,a small group of separatists
from the Church of England; The Puritans settled in Bay Colony,
Mass.and later extended toMaine and Connecticut
The first wave of immigration(1680-1776)
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The Middle Colonies were founded by the Dutch with towns of New Jersey and
New Amsterdam as fur trade posts
The Germans moved to Pennsylvania and believed theh had to maintain using
their language and preserve their culture, they did not try to adapt to new life,
they were hard-working people who used advanced farming methods
A large group of Scotch Irish ethnic groups fled economic, political and
religious discrimination by the English, a stereotype of them being frontier
folk developed
A small French enclave persisted in South Carolina, Florida had been settled
by the Spanish
By 1776 the English were a bare majority (52 %), the black population was a
majority in some parts of Southern colonies, although the cultural, political
and economic dominance of Anglo- Americans was clear
In 1777 the colonies achieved their independence after American War for
Independence from the British crown, the war started because of taxes with the
event known in history as the Boston Tea Party
The second wave of immigration(1820-1890)
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A range of factors pushed Europeans from their homelands(eg. religious persecution
pushed German Jews to emigrate)but economy reasons made people from northern and
Western Europe(commonly called the˝old immigrants˝) move to America(improved
farming machinery and the move from the country to the city made left people jobless)
The largest immigrant groups were Germans, Irish, Britons and Scandinavians,
followed by a large number of French Canadians, Chinese, Swiss and Dutch.The people
were mainly motivated by land, which America had plenty of
Other employment opportunities included exploiting mineral nad forest
resources,railroad companies, building transportation networks skilled crafts, etc.
Although ethnically mixed there was anti- foreign agitation which culminated when the
American Party proposed tripling the length of time for foreign-born population to get
US citizenship, this movement was stopped by the Civil War in the 1860s
It continued after the War and that resulted in Chinese Exclusion Act, which effectively
ended Chinese immigration in 1882
The third wave of immigrants(1890-1930)
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In this period rose the arrivals from southern and eastern parts of Europe, the largest groups were
Italians, Jews, Poles, Hungarians, folowed by Mexicans, Russian, Czechs, Croats, Greeks,
Portuguese, Syrians, Japanese and Filipinos
The languages , traditions, manners and customs of the Slavic people seemed exotic while Eastern
European Orthodox Jews, the Mediterranean nationalities and Asians also appeared to belong to
other races
Cheap train and steamship tickets , usually pre-paid by their relatives, made their decision to
emigrate easier. Most immigrants went where the jobs were, to the industries in the Northeast and
Midwest
Settlement houses and inner-city charities were built for these immigrants, these buffer zones were
often important to immigrants because they could use their mother tongue and follow old- country
traditions
In 1909 Israel Zangwill´s play˝ The Melting Pot˝popularized the idea that all population groups in
the US would eventually fuse through intermarriage and become an entirely new people
In 1920s racist immigration laws were introduced and there were lists of undesirables
In 1921 Congress passed the first general limitation of imigration(it minimised immigration from
eastern and south Europe) and in 1924 the Oriental Exclusion Act was passed
1930 to today
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The Great Depression put a stop to voluntary mass immmigration
Half million Mexican Americans were deported and about 250 000 immigrants from Europe who
fled Nazi and Fascist regimes were allowed to settle in the USA
During the Second World war contract labourers from Mexico worked in the USA because of
shortage of farm labour
After the 2nd world war familes were reunited
Between 1948 and 1959 Cold War refugees from Communist countires, especially Hungary nad
Cuba immigrated
In 1965 national origins system was replaced by hemispheric limits (170 000 for the Eastern
Hemisphere and 120 000 for the Western hemisphere)
The act of 1965 encouraged ˝brain drain˝ reserving 20% of visas for people who possessed skills
needed in the US
A major event in the space race was Apollo 11 landing on the moon, which marked the supremacy of
the USA in this area
The Immigration Act of 1990 allowed spouses and children of illegal immigrants who were given
amnesty in 198o to join their families
Recently arriving immigrant groups replaced established ethnic groups in urban areas, from where
they left into better paid jobs and moved to the suburbs(˝white flight˝)