Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 9 Identification
1. Bulgaria
2. Iconoclasm
3. Battle of Manzikert
4. Cyril and Methodius
5. Kiev
6. Vladimir I
7. Boyars
8. Tatars
9. Orthodoxy
10. Huns
11. Procopius
12. Greek fire
13. Tsar (Czar)
14. Cyrillic Alphabet
15. Rurik
I. Background
A. Reached height of empire in 500’s C.E., shortly after the fall
of the western Roman Empire
B. The location of Constantinople was strategic:
1. Near major trade routes (which ones?)
2. Water on three sides – easy to defend
3. became known as “New Rome” after fall of western
Roman Empire
C. Lands that were once part of the Greek world became the
heart of the Byzantine empire – eventually Byzantine officials
and emperors spoke Greek rather than Latin
D. Influences from eastern civilizations such as the Persians were
present
E. Between 500 C.E. and 1200 C.E. this was one of the most
advanced empires in the world
Constantinople
Golden Horn
Sea of
Maramara
Bosporus
Strait
II. Justinian
A. Became emperor in 527 C.E.
B. Wife Theodora worked to improve the social standing of women and was
a powerful influence on Justinian
C. Justinian’s goal was to restore the Roman empire
1. he began the re-conquest of Italy, North Africa, and Spain in 533
2. Germanic rulers were overthrown and Byzantine rule expanded
in the west for a short time
3. these military campaigns were costly and drained Byzantine
resources
4. within a generation of Justinian’s death the empire lost most of
its outlying territories in western Europe
Byzantine Mosaic of
Justinian
Byzantine
Mosaic of
Theodora
D. Justinian’s Code of Laws
1. Appointed a group of scholars to organize and codify Roman laws
2. laws were simplified and categorized
3. a.k.a. Corpus of Civil Law, Justinian’s Code, or Codex Justinian
4. This preserved classical Rome’s legal heritage in Europe; it is still
the basis for most European law systems
E. Art and architecture thrived under Justinian; the Hagia Sophia
was an architectural engineering achievement
III. Byzantine Religion
A. Religious issues often became political issues, causing controversy and
division
B. In the 8th century a religious dispute broke out over the use of icons, or
religious images, in worship
1. some argued that the Bible prohibited the worship of these images
2. defenders said icons were symbols of God’s presence in human
affairs
3. in 726 Byzantine emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from
churches
4. the emperor and his supporters became known as iconoclasts
5. those who resisted the order were supported by the Church in Rome
6. this controversy strained relations between the eastern and western
churches
7. in 843 the same issue became somewhat settled when the eastern
Church agreed to allow pictures, though not statues, in worship
C. The issue of the authority of the popes remained a big
controversy also
D. By 1054 C.E. doctrinal, political, geographical, and cultural
differences led to a schism, or split, in the Church:
1. Eastern Orthodoxy in much of Eastern Europe
2. Roman Catholicism in the West
E. This split weakened the Byzantine empire – ties with
Western Europe weakened as the Byzantines had to face
challenges from the Islamic world.
Interior of
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia: Church
of the Holy Wisdom
Icons
Important Characteristics of
the Byzantine Empire:
•Imperial and aristocratic life was dominated by
the Greek language and Greek philosophy.
•Many diverse peoples lived within the Byzantine
empire; local laws and customs were generally
tolerated by Byzantine rulers and administrators.
•As long as diverse groups paid their taxes and
contributed men to the army, they were allowed
to worship freely and keep their traditional
customs.
•Political and religious authority was centered in
Constantinople – until it fell to Ottoman Turks in
1453. Then, the Byzantine legacy shifted to
Russia.
The Byzantine Autocracy
The Byzantine Emperor
Nobility (aristocracy)
Greek Orthodox
Church
The Army
In the middle ages, the Byzantine empire was much
more centralized than feudal western Europe.
However, the Byzantine emperor needed political
and military support from the aristocracy, the
Church, and the army.
The Byzantine Empire
Istanbul Today
Hagia Sophia
Mosaics
Icon of Mary and Jesus
The Great Schism 1054
Byzantine/
Medieval Trade Routes
Map of the Byzantine Empire 1143 CE
What changes over time took place regarding Byzantine
territory? Overall, what geopolitical changes were taking
place throughout the postclassical period?
The Fall of
Constantinople
Constantine XI Palaiologos, the
last Byzantine emperor
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II offered
Constantine XI the chance to rule in
Mistra before the siege of
Constantinople, but he refused,
preferring to fight and die defending his
empire. His wish to die in defense of the
empire would come true, as he was
killed while defending the gates of
Constantinople on May 29, 1453. The
emperor, realizing that the end had
come ("The City is fallen but I am
alive"), discarded his purple cloak and
charged into the breach. Some sources
record that he was only recognized
afterwards by his purple boots, and
others that the Turks were never able to
identify his body. Ironically, the last
emperor of the long Roman legacy was
buried in a mass grave along with his
soldiers.
The Development of the Russian
Autocracy
Background-
•During the Roman empire, Slavic groups
migrated into southern Russia.
•In the 8th and 9th centuries, Vikings
migrated into Russia via rivers and settled
among Slavic peoples.
•Christian missionaries from the Byzantine
Empire began to convert the Slavs in the
mid 9th century.
•Over time, the Eastern Orthodox Church
became powerful and was controlled by
Russian czars.
• In the 13th century the nomadic
Mongols of central Asia invaded
Russia, destroying cities such as
Kiev.
• The “Golden Horde” ruled Russia
for 240 years.
1. Russian leaders had to pay tribute to
Mongol rulers
2. Trade increased
3. Serfdom increased as peasants sought
the protection of Russian nobles
4. Russia was cut off from western Europe
• After Mongol rule in Russia,
Moscow became the center of
Russian power – both political
and religious.
St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow
•Ivan III (The Great) -> r. 1462-1505
1. After the Golden Horde was
defeated, Ivan III of Moscow brought
much of northern Russia under his rule.
2. Ivan limited the power of the
Boyars.
3. He married a Byzantine princess,
forging closer ties with the Byzantines.
•Ivan IV (The Terrible) 1530 - 1584
1. He continued to centralize Russian power.
2. He introduced laws and policies that
strengthened serfdom (while it had faded and
become outdated in western Europe.)
3. Ivan IV became violent, unstable, and
paranoid during his reign.
4. He organized a secret police force to
terrorize enemies and maintain control – the
oprichniki.
After a period of power struggles, the Romanov
dynasty began in 1613 and would last until the
Russian Revolution of 1917.
Ivan IV - The Terrible
Ива́н Гро́зный
(Ivan Grozny)