Transcript CHASE: A Computerized Household Activity SchEduling Survey

SOME REFLECTIONS ON
GPS-SUPPORTED TRAVEL SURVEY
METHODS IN AN INCREASINGLY
ICT-RICH ENVIRONMENT
Martin LEE-GOSSELIN Prof., Dept of Urban & Regional Planning
Head of GRIMES, Centre de recherche en aménagement
et en développement (CRAD), Université Laval,
Québec, Canada
Workshop on ICT, Innovation and the Transport System
STELLA – STAR – NSF
17 January 2002
Arlington, Va., USA
G
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UNIVERSITÉ
LAVAL
G RO UPE
D E
M O B I L I T É,
REC H ERC H E
I N TE R D I SC I P L I N A I R E
E N V I R O N N E M E N T,
S É C U R I T É
Sponsorship
3 year programme:
Human behaviour and GIS-based environmentally sustainable
land-use and transportation modelling
GEOIDE, the Network of Centres of Excellence in Geomatics
(headquartered at Laval University)
+ Transport Canada
5 year programme:
Access to Activities and Services in Urban Canada: Behavioural
Processes that Condition Equity and Sustainability
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
(Major Collaborative Research Initiatives, 2000 –2005)
+ Quebec Ministry of Transport
Co-investigators
 UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL: Denis Bolduc (Econometrics), François
DesRosiers (Business/Land Economics), Martin Lee-Gosselin
(Transport planning), Marius Thériault (GIS/Data modelling/
Geography) and Paul-Yvon Villeneuve (Urban models/Geography)
 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO: Eric Miller (Modelling/Civil Engineering)
 McMASTER UNIVERSITY: Pavlos Kanaroglou (Modelling/Geography)
 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC/INRS-URBANISATION: Anne-Marie
Séguin (Urban Geography)
 UNIV. OF CALGARY: John Douglas Hunt (Modelling/Civil
Engineering/Architecture)
 WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY: Sean Doherty (Geography/Activity
data methods and modelling)
 UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL: Danielle Marceau (GIS/Data
modelling/Geography)
 McGILL UNIVERSITY: Murtaza Haider (Land Economics,
Engineering, Planning)
This is about:
1. The sustainability policy context of our research
(we are trying improve the behavioural
foundations of models for Canadian urban
regions)
2. The modelling context: Integrated Land-Use,
Transport and Environmental impact (ILUTE)
models and their “inconvenient” needs for data
on activity and travel
3. A “non-techy” look at the growing contribution of
ICT-aided survey methods
4. Some challenges
The sustainability policy context
• Widespread recognition that existing
policy simulation in transport is short-term,
too focussed on the work trip and
oversimplifies evolving land-use
• The environmental, safety and security
consequences of the land-use/
transport/communications system are
powerful, if fluctuating, “hot” issues
• Post-modern behaviour is inconvenient for
stable policy
The modelling context
• We are interested in the dynamics of urban landuse/transport/ICT interactions over a 10-20 year
horizon, and the range of potential impacts on the
environment and human health
• We are working towards an integrated model suite
that will simulate the interactions between urban
actors and estimate the collective consequences of
their individual decisions under alternative policy
and technology scenarios. Sensitivity to those
scenarios is more important than specific travel
demand forecasts
• Our ambition is to build much of the model suite
around micro-behavioural decisions made at the
household level.
Integrated Land-use, Transportation and Environment model
TRAFFIC FLOW MODEL
ACCIDENTS
Five “inconvenient” issues in
travel behaviour modelling
A. Travel behaviour is a lot more than modal choice
for the work commute: it involves a whole range of
spatio-temporal adaptations – the “democratisation”
of ICT is playing an increasing role in these
B. Equilibrium vs. the “just-in-time” life: a tension
between countervailing desires: predictability and
spontaneity
C. “Preference” and “choice”: we need to know about
freedom to act
D. People sometimes change a lot of things at once:
an increasing need to observe linkages
E. What people do doesn’t tell you much about why
they do it and when they might change
Beyond observing trips
• A new generation of powerful, computerised tools
promises much for the micro-modelling of vehicle
duty cycles and traffic, but what about trip patterns?
• Observing outcomes (trips) is not enough
• Shifts in data collection over recent decades :
household trips (static view)

household activities (derived demand view)

household decision processes (dynamic/evolving
lifestyles view)
Balancing the spatial and temporal
dimensions
d eg ré de sp o n tan éité d an s
l’esp ace
d eg ré d e
sp o n tan éité d an s le tem p s
dans
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tem p s
d a n s l’esp a ce
H a b itu el
N o n -h a b itu el
p ro g ra m m é
S p o n ta n é
H a b itu el
R O U T IN E
R o u tin e tem p o relle
p ro g ram m ée d an s
l’esp ace
R o u tin e tem p o relle
av ec o p p o rtu n ité
2
sp atiale
N o n -h a b itu el
p ro g ra m m é
R o u tin e sp atiale
p ro g ram m ée d an s le
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S p o n ta n é
R o u tin e sp atiale
av ec o p p o rtu n ité
3
tem p o relle
A C T IV IT É
PROG RA M M ÉE
P ro g ram m e av ec
lib erté tem p o relle
(« an y d ay » )
Classification proposed by Ramadier, 2000
P ro g ram m é av ec
lib erté spatiale
(« an y w h ere » )
O P P O R T U N IT E
1
History of ICT as part of the toolkit
for surveying individual behaviour
(NB: in addition to data capture from ATT/ITS and ecommerce transations)
• 1970 - 1990: analogue, aspatial vehicle monitoring
(high cost, customised)
• Early 1990s: digital aspatial vehicle-based data
loggers
• Mid 1990s: use of data logger data and GIS
• Mid to late 1990s: DGPS/GPS-aided vehicle-based
travel diaries + prototype person-based “shoulder-bag”
GPS-aided diaries
• Early 2000s: a variety of GPS-aided and triangulation
techniques under development for vehicle-based and
person-based surveys
Opportunities offered by mobile
positioning technologies
1. Detail we could never expect people to
write down or tell us, including:
–
–
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micro space-time (tiny trips, speed, etc.)
route choice
precision of data for merging (GIS layers,etc)
2. Extension of the period of observation
Three main ways positioning
technologies have been used for
travel surveys
1. Imitating traditional travel diaries
2. Passive monitoring
3. Hybrid approaches
1. Imitating traditional diaries
•
Generally requires interface at each trip end
and a “store until unit returned” design
philosophy
•
Example: Lexington experiment (Murakami et
al)
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Key issue is, of course, data reduction in GIS
•
Perhaps the best “imitation” use of GPS is for a
high quality layer, not as a substitute for
traditional telephone, postal and interview
methods
2. Passive monitoring
•
•
•
•
Until now almost entirely vehicle based, often
with telemetry
Has benefitted from much development of fleet
logistics software
Example: NHTSA/Ga Tech’s 1200 vehicle
crash monitoring study (Ogle, Guensler et al) –
has accelerometer and INS validation of
geolocations – 12 month+ observation period
with transmission of exposure (vehicle trips)
Many shorter-term applications possible
3. Hybrid approaches
•
Passive monitoring + fill in the detail through interim
contacts with the respondent
•
Especially, but not exclusively, useful for episodic
surveys (e.g. long-distance travel)
•
LD example: INRETS (F) use of FM triangulation
combined with questionnaire
•
Household mobility example: in a panel survey, our
Canadian consortium is surveying the decision
“history” of activity organisation over 7 days, and in
parallel tracking vehicles (later people) with GPS.
Processed GPS-GIS data is summarised and used
in follow-up interviews.
•
We have also prototyped a daily phone “fill-in” of
rapidly processed GPS data on activity stops.
Arrêt de 6 min
Arrêts de 3 et 6 min
Challenges
1.
The abundance of data means automated
processing: danger that some of the most
interesting opportunities, such as studying
interdependencies within a household, may be
ignored in favour of traditional parameters
2.
Keep in mind that the impact of ICT is part of the
evolution of spatio-temporal behaviour:
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day-to-day organisation and scheduling
important potential to affect the division of labour
within households
changes in social networks, especially teenagers but
increasingly the young retirees
major concern about social exclusion and the ICTpoor
Challenges (cont)
3.
ICT from a survey design perspective
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–
4.
problem of artifacts of survey technologies (e.g. a
respondent gets a cell phone for the first time as part
of instrument package)
bigger problem of influencing cognition through the
organisation and representation of information on a
Rs spatio-temporal behaviour (often ignored, should
be part of “reflexive” designs)
Collecting data on decision processes
underlying spatio-temporal activity patterns (for
use in models) means supporting new kinds of
classification
–
–
we have made good progress on planning horizon, as
suggested by Gärling and others (e.g. CHASE type
CASI methods
but we have only just started to deal with the level of
vulnerability to replanning that ICT facilitates
Challenges (cont)
5.
Interesting opportunities for real-world
experiments using mass-market ICT
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–
6.
PDA scheduling aids with varying levels of access to
external sources
Personal Area Networks (even BANs) may transform the
potential for concepts such as value pricing and
emissions trading……..
BUT, we should first do well what is now poorly
done: get fundamental data on spatio-temporal
behaviour so we can tackle sustainability and
equity in “mainstream” planning tools.
–
In a more general sense, and faced with increasing
sample selection concerns, we are under-using multimethod designs, especially incorporating ICT-aided
methods (including indirect data capture).
Thank you
Merci