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Today in USB: FINAL
reminders, Unit 3
preview, and Intro to
Progressivism
What’s more effective in
curbing harmful behavior
of business—government
action or public protests?
Create a thesis and provide
examples.
9. Students will demonstrate knowledge about the ways the American
people responded to social, economic and political changes through
electoral politics and social movements such as populism and
temperance.
10. Students will examine the causes of the Spanish-American War and
analyze its effects on foreign policy, national identity and the debate
over the new role of America as a growing power in the Pacific and
Latin America.
11. Students will demonstrate knowledge of how Progressives addressed
problems of industrial capitalism, urbanization and political corruption.
12. Students will analyze the debates about woman suffrage and
demonstrate knowledge of the successful campaign that led to the
adoption of the 19th Amend. granting women the right to vote.
13. Students will analyze the causes of World War I and identify key
people, major events and the war’s impact on American foreign and
domestic policy.
14. Students will analyze how developments in industrialization,
transportation, communication and urban mass culture changed
American life.
15. Students will describe key social changes related to immigration,
social policy & race relations.
What are the problems
in our major cities—&
HOW do we fix them?
Fundamental Question: How
much power should the govt.
have?
THE
PROGRESSIVE
ERA
AMERICANS SEEK REFORM IN
THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
I. ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM
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Frustration
w/chaos of
industrialization &
urbanization
Urban connection
to populism?
Beginning of
Liberalism?
MOVEMENTS THAT LED TO PROGRESSIVISM
NEW INTEREST IN
THE POOR
SOCIAL
GOSPEL
WOMEN’S
SUFFRAGE
CHARITY
SETTLEMENT
HOUSES
“GOOD”
GOVERNMENT
THE PROGRESSIVES WERE:
small
business
owners
reform
minded
politicia
ns
teachers
and
female
social
workers
*The majority were from the
well educated urban middle
class
Fine, but…
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How is this reform going to happen?
How will reform affect the economy?
Who decides morals, values, & standards?
Ultimately, who’s going to pay for it?
Overall theme:
MORE
GOVERNMENT
General Goals?
1. PROTECTING SOCIAL WELFARE
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Govt. should ensure basic
standard of living
19th C. employers felt little
responsibility
Private orgs.
▪
▪
▪
▪
Settlement homes
churches
YMCA
Salvation Army
2. PROMOTING MORAL IMPROVEMENT
answer to society’s
problems was personal
behavior
} political reforms such as
prohibition
}
▪ i.e. WCTU
3. ECONOMIC REFORM
Wage system?
} some question
capitalism!
} Reaction to S.
Darwinism?
} And socialism?
}
▪ Eugene Debs & the
American Socialist
Party
Debs encouraged workers to reject
American Capitalism
4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY
}
emphasis on experts &
scientific research &
theory
▪ E.g. Brandeis brief
▪ Taylorism
o
Scientific management
▪ Assembly line
End to
white
slavery,
prostitut
ion,
and
sweat
shops
Politic
al
refor
m
Americani
zation
of
immigrant
s
End of
urban
politica
l
machin
es
Immig
ration
restrict
ions
Spe
cifi
c
Go
als
&
Met
ho
ds
Wome
n’s
suffra
ge
Prohi
bition
End of
child
labor
Rate
regula
tion
of
privat
e
utiliti
es
Antitrust
legisl
ation
Discuss with a neighbor…
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A “muckraker” is defined as
an investigative journalist
who uses the media to expose
hidden wrongs to the general
public. You may have read
Ida Tarbell’s account of the
history of Standard Oil from
last unit. Super Size Me is
regarded as a contemporary
muckraking piece.
Can you think of any other
modern examples of
muckraking?
Possible examples?
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Morgan Spurlock (Super
Size Me)
Michael Moore
(Fahrenheit 9/11, Sicko)
Julian Assange
(Wikileaks)
Woodward and
Bernstein (All the
President’s Men)
Jose Canseco (Juiced)
Joseph Wilson (What I
Didn’t Find in Africa)
II. Progressive Methods
Muckrakers
2. Scientific data &
expert testimony
1.
•
I.e. investigating
sweatshops or slums
Pressuring legislators
4. Grassroots groups
3.
•
I.e. women’s groups
“MUCKRAKERS” CRITICIZE BIG
BUSINESS
Ida
Tarbell
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Is Michael
Moore a
modern
muckraker?
Though most P did not
embrace socialism, many
saw some truth in Debs’
criticism
Magazines such as
McClure’s publish scathing
articles
Other works…
Florence Kelley--focused on
Child Labor
Primary Document Analysis: The
Muckrakers
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BEFORE you read the document, briefly scan the types of
questions asked. Choose one group member to read the
document ALOUD as the rest of the group follows along.
Then discuss responses and EXPLAIN the groups’ answers in
a few sentences each on one sheet of paper.
1. What is the purpose of this document? What questions does this
answer?
2. Who do you think was the intended audience?
3. What is the point of view/perspective of its author? How could they be
biased? Is there more fact or opinion?
4. Is any part of the document unclear? Why? What questions remain?
5. Give a paragraph summary of this document. If you could choose the
one sentence (or part of a sentence) that is most significant, which
would it be? Write it down in quotes.
6. If the author was around today, how would they feel about the issue?
Please bring your
textbooks tomorrow
III. Political Efforts…
}
Why local level?
▪ Fed govt. unwilling &
ineffective
▪ Change on smaller scale
▪ Urban middle class saw
direct applications
Political machines?
Limited success
} eventually, machines
work w/ reformers
}
Cities claim utility companies
}
Water, gas, electricity,
etc. began to be
owned by more &
more cities
Limited welfare opportunities
}
Baths, parks, work relief
State Reform
}
Key figures
▪ Robert La Follette (WI)
▪ Hiram Johnson (CA)
}
Political reforms
▪
▪
▪
▪
}
Direct primary
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
Labor & factory legislation
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911
Workplace reform
}
States est. labor depts
▪ legitimacy to unionization?
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}
Accident insurance &
compensation
Legal challenges
undermine?
▪ Lochner v New York (1905)
„
“right to free contract” of
workers upheld
▪ Muller v. Oregon (1908)
„
Limits WOMEN’S hours—
sets precedent
Child Labor successes
Today…
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Study guide tonight
Essays tomorrow
Origins of Progressivism packet
P at the national level
Define, give examples, and describe
the significance…
Teddy Roosevelt
1. first “modern” president?
2. The Square Deal
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
“Trustbusting”
1902 Coal Strike
Elkins/Hepburn Acts
Meat Inspection Act
William Howard Taft
▪
1908 election
1.Payne-Aldrich
Tariff
2.Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
3.“old guard” Republicans
4.1912 Election
Woodrow Wilson
▪
“Triple wall of privilege”
1.Clayton
Antitrust Act
a. Pure Food and Drug Act 2.Federal Trade Commission
3.Income Tax
conservation
4.Federal Reserve System
5.19th Amendment
Next…
Reform at the Federal level
Why do historians call
TR the first “Modern”
President?
Discuss with a neighbor
17.3 TR’s Square Deal
Reform gov. of NY &
Spanish-Am War hero
Why should government
care?
I. The Rough-Riding President
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NY political bosses cannot
control--place him as VP,
McKinley assassinated
Youngest--42
Focus on physical strength
& sport
Popular figure w/ strong
personality
II. The Square Deal applied
TR’s p.o.v. is that
U.S. needed
strong federal govt
Why a “Square Deal”?
reforms would
ensure fairness
and equality to “all”
} “bully pulpit”
} Executive order
}
A. Trustbusting
}
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Sherman Anti-trust Act
weak
Northern Securities Co.
(RR conglomerate)
▪ Held stock in many
other companies
▪ Govt. sued & won
Targets: “Bad Trusts”
Standard Oil
} Beef
} American Tobacco
} Some 40 others
}
B. the 1902 Coal Strike
}
United Mine Workers
▪ TR: coal is public
interest?
▪ Forced meeting
„
„
}
Threatened use of
army
Use of arbitration
Important lessons
▪ Use of experts
▪ Public interest
protected
C. RR legislation
}
Elkins Act (1903)
▪ Outlawed rebates
}
Hepburn Act (1906)
▪ Authorized ICC to limit
unfair shipping rates
III. Health & the Environment
A. Food & Drugs
Investigations &
reports
} Meat Inspection
Act (1906)
} Pure Food &
Drug Act (1906)
}
▪ Truth in
labeling
B. Conservationism
}
Frontier closed--natural
areas had to be
preserved?
▪ I.e. logging, pollution
Natl Parks
} Conservation becomes
scientific
}
▪ Gifford Pinchot
„
„
}
Heads new forest dept
more public land
Water conservation
What happens after TR?
}
How do Progressive
beliefs & reforms further
affect national politics?
IV. From Taft to Wilson
}
Taft
▪ TR’s choice
▪ Huge trustbuster
▪ progressive enough?
„
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
▪ Devoted to
Conservationism?
„
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
▪ Rep party splits
„
Progressives vs.
Conservatives
▪ Election of 1912
TR’s return
„ Socialists gain
„ Dems. united
„
Create a chart in your
notebook that compares
the progressive reforms
of TR, Taft, and Wilson
Dems “win”
}
Wilson
1. Hated “triple wall of
privilege”
„
„
Tariffs, trusts, finance
Federal income tax
2. Financial reforms
„
Fed reserve
3. Anti-trust measures
„
FTC
4. Women win suffrage
„
„
2 strategies
Carrie Chapman Catt
5. Distractions abroad?
17:4 Progressivism Under Taft
Essential Question
How did Taft’s ambivalent approach to
Progressive reform lead to a split in the
Republican Party?
William Howard Taft
Republican
} Handpicked to carry on
the Square Deal
}
William Howard Taft
}
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Republican
Handpicked to carry on the Square Deal
“Cautiously Progressive”
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Busted 90 trusts
Unpopular
No “bully pulpit”
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
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Ps want lower
rates
Compromise bill
very lukewarm
Taft: “best bill”
ever passed!
Disputing Public Lands
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Secretary of the Interior-Richard Ballinger
1 million acres Federally reserved lands
Taft fired Guifford Pinchot for criticizing
Ballinger
Is Taft against conservation???
“Uncle Joe” Cannon
}
House Speaker very powerful
▪ Ignored Progressive Bills
}
Taft supports in midterms
▪ Splits party
Bull Moose Party
}
}
T.R.’s return
Criticizes “fat head” Taft
▪ Wants GOP support
}
Progressives run T.R.
on the Bull Moose ticket
1912 Election
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Democrats-Wilson and New Freedom
Republicans-Taft conservative
Bull Moose-T.R. progressive
Socialist-Eugene V. Debs-end capitalism
Your candidate: Describe at least
THREE key goals, then find the
major faults in the others…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Democrats-Wilson
Republicans-Taft
Bull Moose-T.R.
Socialist-Eugene V. Debs
Woodrow Wilson
}
“Triple wall of privilege”
1.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Underwood Tariff
Federal Trade Commission
Income Tax
Federal Reserve System
19th Amendment
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wilson’s New Freedom
}
Progressive
platform
▪ Support small
business
▪ Free market
competition
▪ Anti trust
legislation
▪ Banking reform
▪ Lower tariffs
17:5 Wilson’s New Freedom
Federal Trade Act
Federal Trade
Commission
} Watchdogs of big
businesses
}
Clayton Antitrust Act
}
Strengthened
Sherman
▪ Difficult to form
monopolies
▪ Owners personally
responsible
▪ Labor and farm
unions not trusts
▪ Supported strikers
Underwood Tariff
}
}
Substantially Lowered tariffs for the first
time since Civil War (41%-27%)
Lost revenue?
16th Amendment
}
Federal Income
Tax
▪ Graduated
}
main source of
income
Federal Reserve Act
}
}
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“The Fed” -- Bankers bank
12 districts/Federal Reserve Banks
Control money supply
Control credit
Wilson and Civil Rights
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Supported by NAACP
Went back on campaign promises
V. Af-Ams &
Progressivism
The “black question” not a major
concern for most progressives
Washington, DuBois, & the
NAACP
}
Booker T. Washington
▪ Vocational education &
self-improvement
}
W.E.B. Du Bois
▪ Demanded immediate
social & economic
equality
}
Niagara Movement
▪ Founding of NAACP in
1909
}
“If early twentieth-century Progressives
could see life in 2014, they would be happy
with the current status of the United States.”
Assess the validity of this statement.