Transcript Economics - Sinclair's US History II Resource

America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 3
An Emerging New Nation
(1783–1861)
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 3: An Emerging New Nation (1783-1861)
Section 1: Life in the New Nation
Section 2: The Market Revolution
Section 3: Religion and Reform
Section 4: The Coming of the Civil War
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
Life in the New Nation
Chapter 3, Section 1
• How did America’s growing young population spur
territorial expansion, and how did the United States
gain Texas and the Oregon Country?
• How did a spirit of improvement, along with the
Industrial Revolution and new transportation and
communication, affect the nation’s development?
• What were the key characteristics of the Second Great
Awakening and of African American worship?
America’s Population: Growing and Young
Chapter 3, Section 1
• During the early 1800s, America experienced a
tremendous growth in population.
• Much of this population growth came from an
increase in the number of children born to each
family.
• As a result, much of the population was young. In
1820, half of the American population was under 17
years of age.
• Many young couples sought success for themselves
and their families in the new western territories of the
United States.
Territorial Expansion
Chapter 3, Section 1
Life on the Frontier
• Entire families moved to western
lands, hoping to make homes for
themselves.
• Although slavery had been
forbidden north of the Ohio River,
many African Americans
encountered resistance from
white settlers.
• Through a series of treaties,
Native Americans gradually lost
their lands to the United States,
forcing many to make the difficult
journey to areas west of the
Mississippi River.
Acquisition of Florida
• Before the 1810s, Florida had
been a Spanish possession.
This changed when a revolt of
the Seminoles, a Native American
tribe, was followed by a United
States invasion led by Andrew
Jackson.
• According to the 1819 AdamsOnís Treaty, Spain gave up its
claims to Florida, as well as its
claims in the Pacific Northwest.
This treaty also fixed the
boundary between the Louisiana
Purchase and Spanish territory in
the West.
Texas and Oregon Country
Chapter 3, Section 1
The Texas War for Independence
• In 1822, Stephen F. Austin started
an American colony in east
Texas, then owned by Mexico.
• As Austin’s colony grew, its
settlers demanded more political
control. In 1835, a war of
independence broke out between
Texas and Mexican dictator
Antonio López de Santa Anna.
• In 1836, the rebels, led by Sam
Houston, defeated Santa Anna
and declared an independent
Republic of Texas.
The Oregon Country
• Thousands of settlers sought
land and trading opportunities in
the Oregon Country, an area
shared with Great Britain which
stretched from northern
California to the southern border
of Alaska.
• Organized wagon trains,
originating from Independence,
Missouri, made the journey to the
Oregon Country.
• In the Treaty of 1846, the United
States and Britain divided the
Oregon Territory along the 49th
parallel.
The Spirit of Improvement
Chapter 3, Section 1
•
•
•
Americans sought to improve their lives in numerous ways.
These ways included moving westward, raising educated children,
and recognizing the role that women played in improving the
nation.
Although few public schools existed, private academies often
filled the gap. Americans wanted their schools to teach not just
academic subjects but also republican virtues, the virtues that
Americans would need to govern themselves in the new republic.
These included self-reliance, industry, frugality, and harmony.
In the early 1800s, Americans looked to women to set the standard
for republican virtues. Many Americans reasoned that women
could influence men through their roles as wives and mothers.
Since women needed to know republican virtues before they
could pass them on, some schools began to add “female
departments” to educate girls.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 3, Section 1
• The Industrial Revolution was an ongoing effort, over many
decades, to increase production by using machines
powered by sources other than humans or animals.
• In the North, industrialization improved based on Eli
Whitney’s idea of interchangeable parts, in which all parts
to make a particular product are made to an exact standard.
• In the South, Whitney’s cotton gin, a machine that
separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers, had
tremendous impact on the economy. Planters began
depending on cotton as their only crop, and brought more
enslaved Africans to their new and expanded cotton
plantations.
Transportation and Communication
Chapter 3, Section 1
Transportation and Communication Improvements in the Early 1800s
• Steam Power — Inventor Robert Fulton expanded on James Watt’s idea of
steam power to create a steamboat that could travel against the current.
Steamboats made it possible for farmers and planters to ship their goods around
the world.
• Canals — Since waterways were the cheapest way to transport goods,
Americans began building artificial waterways, or canals. The Erie Canal had
the greatest impact, speeding development of the Great Lakes region.
• Roads — Although some roads were poorly built, others, like the Cumberland
Road, were built to last. Private companies constructed highways and made a
profit by collecting tolls.
• Railroads — The invention of the steam locomotive soon led to the construction
of thousands of miles of tracks around the country, beginning in 1828 with the
construction of the Baltimore and Ohio (B & 0) line.
• Communication — A greatly expanded federal postal service, combined with
an increase in the publication of newspapers, magazines, and books, helped
keep Americans informed and united.
The Second Great Awakening
Chapter 3, Section 1
• A religious movement of the early 1800s, known as the
Second Great Awakening, revived many Americans’
interest in religion.
• Several Protestant denominations, or religious subgroups,
expanded, or new groups were founded. These included
the Baptists, the Methodists, and the Unitarians.
• Joseph Smith’s publication of The Book of Mormon started
a Christian religion known as the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, or the Mormon church.
• Women were extremely active in the Second Great
Awakening, helping widows and orphans, spreading the
Christian religion, and improving conditions for mothers.
African American Worship
Chapter 3, Section 1
• As African Americans joined the Methodist and other
evangelical churches, black and white religious traditions
blended together.
• Both white and black Christians sang spirituals, or folk
hymns. For African Americans, spirituals dealing with
Biblical escapes from slavery took on double meanings,
becoming symbols of both spiritual and physical freedom.
• African Americans sometimes felt unwelcome in churches
dominated by white Americans. In several cities, African
Americans started their own churches, several of which
joined to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church in
1816.
Life in the New Nation—Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 1
Which of the following was a way in which Americans sought to improve their
lives during the early to mid-1800s?
(A) By increasing production sources other than humans or by using
machines powered by animals
(B) By moving back to Europe
(C) By having fewer children
(D) By teaching republican virtues to their children
What did the Adams-Onís Treaty provide?
(A) A boundary line for the Oregon Country
(B) Independence for the Republic of Texas
(C) The granting of Florida to the United States
(D) Land for settlers taken from the Native Americans
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Life in the New Nation—Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 1
Which of the following was a way in which Americans sought to improve their
lives during the early to mid-1800s?
(A) By increasing production sources other than humans or by using
machines powered by animals
(B) By moving back to Europe
(C) By having fewer children
(D) By teaching republican virtues to their children
What did the Adams-Onís Treaty provide?
(A) A boundary line for the Oregon Country
(B) Independence for the Republic of Texas
(C) The granting of Florida to the United States
(D) Land for settlers taken from the Native Americans
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The Market Revolution
Chapter 3, Section 2
• How did the economy expand in the early 1800s, and
how did the northern and southern economies differ?
• What events of the early 1800s reflected the rise of
nationalism in America?
• How did new opposition parties arise?
• What issues shaped the presidency of Andrew
Jackson?
An Expanding Economy
Chapter 3, Section 2
•
•
•
Manufacturing, or the making of products by machinery, began in
New England and spread across the Northeast and part of the
Northwest Territory.
Economic changes in the early 1800s were made possible by the
free enterprise system that operated in the United States. Under
this system, also called capitalism, investments are made by
personal decision rather than by government control. The free
enterprise system rewarded those who found better, faster, or
more efficient ways of running their businesses.
Emerging banks began lending capital, or wealth that can be
invested to produce goods and make money. These banks printed
bank notes, similar to modern checks, whose value fluctuated
depending on the time and place that they were cashed.
The Northern Economy
Chapter 3, Section 2
Farming and Industry
• Although most people in the
Northwest and Northeast still
lived on farms, many others
worked in factories in urban
areas.
• Industrialization, or the
growth of industry, changed
the living conditions of many
in the Northeast. Instead of
farming, many began working
long hours in factories,
earning low wages.
The Rise of Labor Unions
• The strike, or work stoppage,
became a powerful weapon
for workers who wanted
better working conditions.
• Labor unions, or
organizations of workers
formed to protect members’
interests, began to form.
The Southern Economy
Chapter 3, Section 2
• While the North became an industrialized region, the South
remained dominated by farms and countryside. Southern
farmers grew cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane.
• By 1804, all of the Northern states had passed laws leading
to the end of slavery. In 1808, Congress banned the further
import of slaves.
• In the South, however, the slave trade, and the African
American population as a whole, grew because the
population continued to grow among those already
enslaved.
• Several unsuccessful slave revolts, led by Denmark Vesey,
Nat Turner, and others, resulted in the deaths of both white
and African Americans, including some who had not even
been involved in the revolts.
The Rise of Nationalism
Chapter 3, Section 2
Nationalism at Home
• In the 1820s, many Americans
viewed themselves as citizens of
a unified nation rather than as
citizens only of an individual
state.
• The Supreme Court, under Chief
Justice John Marshall, made
several important decisions
regarding the role of the federal
government in the economy.
• These decisions included
support for a national bank,
protection of contracts, and
prohibiting states from regulating
commerce on interstate
waterways.
Nationalism Abroad
• An 1818 agreement between the
United States and Britain
extended the northern border of
the United States.
• In 1823, President James Monroe
made a speech in which he
announced a policy that would
become known as the Monroe
Doctrine.
• Under the Monroe Doctrine, the
United States pledged that it
would not take sides in European
conflicts, and stated that it would
not permit further colonization of
the Western Hemisphere.
The Rise of Opposition Parties
Chapter 3, Section 2
•
•
•
•
In the presidential election of 1824, none of the three candidates,
John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay of Kentucky, or General Andrew
Jackson of Tennessee, received the required majority of electoral
college votes.
The House of Representatives therefore cast the deciding votes,
making Adams the new President. Adams quickly made Clay his
Secretary of State, thus infuriating many Jackson supporters.
Supporters of Adams and Clay began calling themselves the
National Republicans. (Supporters of Jackson called themselves
Democrats, later to be called Jacksonian Democrats by
historians.)
Unlike most previous elections, voters in the election of 1828
chose between candidates of sharply differing views: Andrew
Jackson defeated Adams, becoming the nation’s next President.
The Presidency of Andrew Jackson
Chapter 3, Section 2
The Presidency of Andrew Jackson
• The Spoils System — Andrew Jackson was not the first President to reward his
friends and supporters with government jobs. However, it was during his
presidency that this patronage, known as the spoils system, became official.
• Limited Government — Jackson believed in a limited role for the federal
government, rejecting politicians and laws that he felt would interfere with
people’s liberty.
• Indian Relocation — Jackson forcibly relocated thousands of Native Americans
off their fertile lands and onto prairies further west. During the 1838 forced
march of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears, thousands of Native
Americans died of cold or disease.
• The Bank War — Jackson was opposed to the Bank of the United States, calling
it a “monster” organization controlled by a small group of wealthy easterners.
He vetoed the renewal of the bank’s charter in 1832.
• Jackson’s Successors — Martin Van Buren, the next President, was not as
popular as Jackson had been, and was succeeded by William Henry Harrison.
Harrison died a month after taking office, making Vice President John Tyler the
new President.
The Tariff Crisis and States’ Rights
Chapter 3, Section 2
•
•
•
•
Although Jackson generally sought to limit federal power, he
strongly supported some federal actions including the passage of
a high tariff that benefited the North but forced the South to pay
higher prices for manufactured goods.
South Carolina claimed that in such cases, states could nullify, or
reject, federal laws that they deemed unconstitutional. South
Carolina maintained that it could secede, or withdraw, from the
Union if it wished to do so.
South Carolina’s nullification threat was based on a strict
interpretation of states’ rights, the powers that the Constitution
neither gives to the federal government nor denies to the states.
The conflict eased when Congress reduced the tariff, but the idea
of states’ rights would continue to influence the nation.
The Market Revolution—Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 2
What was one way in which the Northern and Southern economies differed?
(A) Slavery was important to the Southern, but not to the Northern,
economy.
(B) The South became more industrialized than the North.
(C) Southern, but not Northern, workers demanded better conditions.
(D) The free enterprise system existed in the South, but not in the North.
What was Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward the federal government?
(A) He wanted to increase its role in American life.
(B) He wanted to reduce its role in American life.
(C) He wanted it to support further colonization in the Western
Hemisphere.
(D) He wanted it to back the Bank of the United States.
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The Market Revolution—Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 2
What was one way in which the Northern and Southern economies differed?
(A) Slavery was important to the Southern, but not to the Northern,
economy.
(B) The South became more industrialized than the North.
(C) Southern, but not Northern, workers demanded better conditions.
(D) The free enterprise system existed in the South, but not in the North.
What was Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward the federal government?
(A) He wanted to increase its role in American life.
(B) He wanted to reduce its role in American life.
(C) He wanted it to support further colonization in the Western
Hemisphere.
(D) He wanted it to back the Bank of the United States.
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Religion and Reform
Chapter 3, Section 3
• How did religion and philosophy affect the growing
American reform movement?
• What reform movements emerged in the early 1800s?
• How did the antislavery movement arise and grow?
• In what ways did women’s roles change in the early
1800s?
• What factors caused growing social divisions in
America?
The Roots of Reform: Religion and Philosophy
Chapter 3, Section 3
•
•
•
Protestant Revivalists — The Second Great Awakening helped
inspire the reform movements of the 1830s and 1840s. Leaders
such as Charles Grandison Finney and Lyman Beecher
emphasized that good individuals can make a difference in
society.
The Transcendentalists — A philosophy called transcendentalism
also influenced the reform movement. Transcendentalism taught
that spiritual discovery and insight would lead a person to truths
more profound than could be reached through reason.
Emerson and Thoreau — Two New England transcendentalist
writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, helped
launch an “American renaissance” in literature. Both of these
writers supported several reform causes and encouraged others
to do the same.
Reform Movements
Chapter 3, Section 3
Reform Movements in the Early to Mid-1800s
• The Temperance Movement — The temperance movement, a campaign to
eliminate alcohol consumption, urged abstinence, or refraining, from
drinking alcohol. Supporters of temperance claimed that alcohol tended
to make people lose their self-control and self-discipline.
• Public Education — In the 1820s, many Americans, including activist
Horace Mann, began demanding tax-supported public schools. Schools
did not benefit all children equally, however. Girls, African Americans,
and Southerners usually had fewer opportunities to attend school.
• Reforming Prisons — Boston schoolteacher Dorothea Dix persuaded the
state of Massachusetts, as well as several other states, to improve prison
conditions and to build separate facilities for the mentally ill.
• Utopian Communities — Many utopian communities, or small societies
dedicated to social and political perfection, arose in the first half of the
1800s. Most of these communities later dissolved due to laziness,
selfishness, and quarreling among residents.
The Antislavery Movement
Chapter 3, Section 3
•
•
•
•
•
•
The abolitionist movement, or the movement to end slavery, gained
support during the early 1800s.
The creation of the West African nation of Liberia offended most African
Americans, who wanted to remain in their homeland, the United States.
William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass were important abolitionist
figures. Garrison was a white Bostonian who favored an immediate end to
slavery; Douglass was a former slave whose powerful speaking and
writing drew many supporters to the abolitionist cause.
The roles of women and the value of political action became divisive
issues in the abolitionist movement.
Many enslaved people escaped to freedom in the North by way of the
Underground Railroad, a secret network of escape routes.
Resistance to abolitionism was strong and sometimes violent. Many white
Northerners and most white Southerners opposed abolitionism.
Women’s Changing Roles
Chapter 3, Section 3
•
•
•
•
During the early 1800s, women were expected to work within the
home rather than engage in public activities.
Many women, however, became involved in the abolitionist
movement and other reform movements. While advancing their
causes, these women also became more accustomed to applying
their knowledge and skills outside their homes.
The Seneca Falls Convention, the first women’s rights convention
in United States history, was organized in 1848 by Lucretia Mott
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. One controversial issue at this
convention was women’s suffrage, or the right to vote.
For most African American women, the abolition of slavery was a
more important issue than women’s rights. Some African
American women, however, including former slave Sojourner
Truth, were active in both movements.
Growing Social Divisions
Chapter 3, Section 3
Immigration
• Famine and political tensions in
Europe brought thousands of
Irish and German immigrants to
the United States in the early to
mid-1800s.
• These immigrants often faced
discrimination, the unequal
treatment of a group of people
because of their nationality, race,
sex, or religion.
• Many Americans opposed the
new immigrants’ Catholic
religion, as well as their
willingness to break strikes and
work for low wages.
North-South Tensions
• Because they were not as
affected by industrialization as
the North, many Southerners saw
no need to reform their society,
preferring instead to hold onto
their traditional values and roles.
• Many Southerners resented
Northern reform movements,
feeling that they offended their
honor and threatened their ways
of life.
• The abolitionist movement
produced deep rifts in the
Methodist and Baptist churches,
causing both to split into
Northern and Southern branches.
Religion and Reform — Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 3
Which of the following groups tended to oppose abolitionism?
(A) Women
(B) African Americans
(C) White Northerners
(D) Immigrants
How did reform movements contribute to the tensions between the North and
the South?
(A) Different movements were popular in each region.
(B) Many Southerners saw no need for reform.
(C) More Southerners than Northerners supported reform.
(D) Industrialization in the North caused many Southerners to prefer
their traditional way of life.
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Religion and Reform — Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 3
Which of the following groups tended to oppose abolitionism?
(A) Women
(B) African Americans
(C) White Northerners
(D) Immigrants
How did reform movements contribute to the tensions between the North and
the South?
(A) Different movements were popular in each region.
(B) Many Southerners saw no need for reform.
(C) More Southerners than Northerners supported reform.
(D) Industrialization in the North caused many Southerners to prefer
their traditional way of life.
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The Coming of the Civil War
Chapter 3, Section 4
• How did U.S. expansion to the Pacific affect slavery in
the territories?
• What changes in political parties occurred in the
1850s?
• How did North-South tensions worsen in the 1850s?
• What issues dominated the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
• What events finally divided the nation and led to war?
Expanding to the Pacific
Chapter 3, Section 4
•
•
•
•
•
Manifest Destiny — New York journalist John L. O’Sullivan coined the phrase
manifest destiny, meaning undeniable fate, to describe the belief some Americans
held that it was the divine mission of the United States to extend liberty across the
continent.
Annexation of Texas — After winning its independence from Mexico in 1836, Texas
voted to be annexed, or joined, to the United States. Northerners and Whigs opposed
the addition of another slave state, and Mexico warned that the annexation of Texas
would mean war. Texas became a state, however, in December 1845.
War With Mexico — A border dispute over Texas. combined with President Polk’s
desire for western territory, led to the Mexican War in 1846. As a result of the war, the
United States acquired land in Texas, New Mexico, and California.
The California Gold Rush — Gold was discovered in California in January 1848. In the
resulting California Gold Rush, thousands of Americans, as well as new immigrants,
rushed west.
Indians and Western Migration — Thousands of settlers migrated into Indian Territory
after the Mexican War. The United States created reservations, areas set aside for
Native Americans who had lost their homelands. Many Native Americans resisted
living on reservations and fought to preserve their traditional ways of life.
Slavery in the Territories
Chapter 3, Section 4
•
•
•
•
•
The decision about whether or not to allow slavery in new territories
became a divisive issue in the 1840s and 1850s.
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed the Compromise of 1850 as a
way of taking the middle ground on the slavery debate. Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts supported the compromise, making Northern abolitionists
furious. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina opposed the compromise on
behalf of the South.
By the 1850s, many white Northerners came to oppose slavery. Many,
though, retained prejudices, or unreasonable and usually unfavorable
opinions of another group, against African Americans.
Differing attitudes toward slavery, as well as differing levels of
urbanization, population, and technology, contributed to North-South
tensions.
In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed
that these two new territories decide for themselves whether to allow
slavery.
Changes in Political Parties
Chapter 3, Section 4
•
•
•
•
During the early 1850s, the Whig Party dissolved and two new
parties, the Know-Nothings and the Republican Party, emerged.
Many Northern Whigs abandoned their party, unhappy with the
compromises it made on the issue of slavery.
The Know-Nothing Party, so called because of its roots in a secret
society, was also called the American Party. The Know-Nothings
supported nativism, a movement to ensure that native-born
Americans received better treatment than immigrants.
A new Republican Party was formed by antislavery Northerners
who dedicated themselves to stopping the “Slave Power,” or the
South.
Worsening Tensions
Chapter 3, Section 4
•
•
•
•
“Bleeding Kansas” — Under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, voters in these two
territories could decide for themselves whether to become free or slave
states. Violence broke out between proslavery and antislavery forces sent
by outside groups to Kansas, earning it the nickname “Bleeding Kansas.”
The Election of 1856 — Democratic candidate James Buchanan defeated
Republican John C. Fremont in the 1856 presidential election. Buchanan
supported compromise and hoped to stop “the agitation of the slavery
issue.”
The Dred Scott Decision — The Supreme Court’s 1857 Dred Scott v.
Sandford ruling proved to be controversial. In the ruling, the Court held
that slaves were not citizens, that living in a free state did not make a
former slave free, and that Congress had no power to ban slavery
anywhere.
The Lecompton Constitution — In 1857, a small proslavery group in
Lecompton, the proslavery capital of Kansas, wrote a constitution for
Kansas as part of an effort to acquire statehood. Antislavery voters
refused to vote on the proslavery constitution, and Kansas remained a
territory where slavery was legal but not practiced.
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Chapter 3, Section 4
• In 1858, Senator Stephen Douglas ran for reelection against
a relatively unknown Republican, Abraham Lincoln.
• In a series of highly publicized debates, Lincoln and
Douglas debated the issue of slavery in the territories.
Douglas supported popular sovereignty, while Lincoln
believed that the majority should not deny rights to the
minority.
• Lincoln did not support the extension of slavery to the
territories, but he felt that the federal government did not
have the power to prohibit slavery in the South.
• Douglas won the election, but Lincoln earned a reputation
for eloquence and that moral commitment would come to
serve him well.
A Nation Divided
Chapter 3, Section 4
•
•
•
•
John Brown’s Raid — On October 16, 1859, John Brown led a raid on a federal
arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown had hoped to seize the arsenal’s weapons
and give them to people. Instead, the federal government intercepted his raid and
Brown was hanged. Northerners saw Brown as a martyr, while Southerners
denounced him as a tool of the abolitionists.
The Election of 1860 — The election of 1860 made the lack of national political parties
clearer. Partially with the help of the Border States (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,
and Missouri), a Constitutional Union Party was formed in the South. Republican
Abraham Lincoln won the election without winning a single Southern electoral vote.
The Lower South Secedes — Southerners were outraged that a President could be
elected without their votes. They felt that the government had passed completely out
of their hands. Seven states of the Lower South, beginning with South Carolina,
seceded, or left the Union. These states formed a new nation, calling themselves the
Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy.
The War Starts — In the spring of 1861, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in
South Carolina. By firing on federal property, the Confederacy had committed an act
of open rebellion, forcing Lincoln to call for military volunteers to respond to the
attack. Four more Southern states then seceded and joined the Confederacy.
The Coming of the Civil War—Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 4
Which of the following people was a major supporter of compromise on the
slavery issue?
(A) Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
(B) President Abraham Lincoln
(C) Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
(D) John Brown
Which of the following contributed to the start of the Civil War?
(A) The election of Abraham Lincoln with only Southern votes
(B) Rising prejudice against immigrants
(C) The debates between Abraham Lincoln and John Brown
(D) The Confederacy’s attack on Fort Sumter
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The Coming of the Civil War—Assessment
Chapter 3, Section 4
Which of the following people was a major supporter of compromise on the
slavery issue?
(A) Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
(B) President Abraham Lincoln
(C) Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
(D) John Brown
Which of the following contributed to the start of the Civil War?
(A) The election of Abraham Lincoln with only Southern votes
(B) Rising prejudice against immigrants
(C) The debates between Abraham Lincoln and John Brown
(D) The Confederacy’s attack on Fort Sumter
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