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Labeled Bone Images © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-1 The Axial Skeleton SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON 80 (see Figure 8–1) 8 Cranium 14 Face 6 Auditory ossicles 1 Hyoid 1 Sternum 24 Ribs Skull Skull and 29 associated bones Associated bones 25 Thoracic cage 26 Vertebral column 24 Vertebrae 1 Sacrum 1 Coccyx Skull Cervical vertebrae Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Costal cartilages An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton. Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton. The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-1a The Axial Skeleton SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON (see Figure 8–1) 8 Cranium 14 Face 6 Auditory ossicles Skull 1 Hyoid 1 Sternum 24 Associated bones Skull and 29 associated bones 25 Thoracic cage 26 Vertebral column Ribs 24 Vertebrae 1 Sacrum 1 Coccyx An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 80 Figure 7-3a The Adult Skull Sagittal suture PARIETAL BONE (left) PARIETAL BONE (right) Lambdoid suture OCCIPITAL BONE Squamous suture TEMPORAL BONE Mastoid process Styloid process Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance MANDIBLE Posterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-3b The Adult Skull OCCIPITAL BONE Lambdoid suture PARIETAL BONE (right) PARIETAL BONE (left) Sagittal suture Coronal suture FRONTAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE NASAL BONES Superior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-3c The Adult Skull Coronal suture FRONTAL BONE PARIETAL BONE SPHENOID Supra-orbital foramen Squamous suture TEMPORAL BONE NASAL BONE LACRIMAL BONE Squamous part of temporal bone Lambdoid suture External acoustic meatus ETHMOID Infra-orbital foramen MAXILLA ZYGOMATIC BONE OCCIPITAL BONE Mastoid process Zygomatic arch Styloid process Zygomatic process of temporal bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone MANDIBLE Lateral view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Mental foramen Mental protuberance Figure 7-3d The Adult Skull Coronal suture PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL BONE SPHENOID TEMPORAL BONE Supra-orbital foramen ETHMOID PALATINE BONE Optic canal Superior orbital fissure LACRIMAL BONE Inferior orbital fissure Temporal process of zygomatic bone ZYGOMATIC BONE Mastoid process of temporal bone Infra-orbital foramen NASAL BONE Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Bony nasal VOMER septum MAXILLA INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA MANDIBLE Mental foramen © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Mental protuberance Anterior view Figure 7-3e The Adult Skull FRONTAL BONE MAXILLA ZYGOMATIC BONE VOMER SPHENOID PALATINE BONE Foreman ovale Zygomatic arch Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Styloid process Mandibular fossa Foramen lacerum Carotid canal TEMPORAL BONE External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Lambdoid suture Occipital condyle OCCIPITAL BONE External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum Inferior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-4b The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (Part 1 of 1) FRONTAL BONE Crista galli ETHMOID Cribriform plate Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum SPHENOID Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum TEMPORAL BONE Carotid canal Foramen magnum PARIETAL BONE Internal occipital crest Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal OCCIPITAL BONE Superior view of a horizontal section through the skull, showing the floor of the cranial cavity. Compare with part (a) and with Figure 7–3e. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-12c The Mandible and Hyoid Bone Hyoid bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-15 The Skull of an Infant Coronal suture FRONTAL BONE PARIETAL BONE Sphenoidal fontanelle NASAL BONE Squamous suture Lambdoid suture MAXILLA OCCIPITAL BONE SPHENOID MANDIBLE TEMPORAL BONE Mastoid fontanelle Lateral view PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL BONE Coronal suture Frontal suture Anterior Sagittal suture fontanelle FRONTAL BONE Superior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. PARIETAL BONE Occipital fontanelle Lambdoid suture OCCIPITAL BONE Figure 7-16 The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves Vertebral Regions Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth. Regions are defined by anatomical characteristics of individual vertebrae. The cervical curve, a secondary curve, develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of the head on the vertebrae of the neck. The thoracic curve, a primary curve, accommodates the thoracic organs. The lumbar curve, a secondary curve, balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs; it develops with the ability to stand. The sacral curve, a primary curve, accommodates the abdominopelvic organs. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical (7 vertebrae) Thoracic (12 vertebrae) Lumbar (5 vertebrae) Sacral Coccygeal Figure 7-18b Vertebral Anatomy Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior articular facet Inferior articular process Arrow passing through vertebral foramen A lateral and slightly inferior view of a vertebra © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-18c Vertebral Anatomy Spinous process Superior articular process Inferior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Inferior articular facet Vertebral foramen Vertebral body An inferior view of a vertebra © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-18de Vertebral Anatomy Superior articular facets Superior articular process Lamina of vertebral arch Intervertebral foramen Intervertebral disc Spinous process Intervertebral disc Transverse process Vertebral body Vertebral body An posterior view of three articulated vertebrae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior articular process Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral canal A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae Figure 7-19d The Cervical Vertebrae Anterior arch Transverse ligament Dens of axis Atlas (C1) Posterior arch Axis (C2) The atlas (C1) and axis (C2). © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7-2 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 2 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-22a The Sacrum and Coccyx Articular Entrance to process sacral canal Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Sacral hiatus Sacral cornu Coccygeal cornu A posterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-23 The Thoracic Cage T1 Jugular notch Clavicular articulation 1 Manubrium Sternum 2 3 Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) 4 Xiphoid process 5 Costal cartilages 10 T11 T12 6 7 11 12 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 8 9 Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) False ribs (ribs 8–12) An anterior view, showing the costal cartilages and the sternum C7 1 T1 2 T2 3 1 2 3 T3 4 4 T4 5 6 7 T5 5 T6 6 T7 7 T8 8 True ribs (ribs 1–7) 8 T9 9 T10 9 T11 10 10 11 11 T12 12 False ribs (ribs 8–12) 12 L1 A posterior view, showing the articulations of the ribs and vertebrae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-1 The Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2) SKELETAL SYSTEM AXIAL SKELETON 80 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 (see Figure 7–1) Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Clavicle 2 Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Carpal bones 16 4 60 Metacarpal 10 bones Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Hip bone 2 Figure 8-1 The Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2) Lower limbs 60 Femur 2 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Metatarsal bones 10 Phalanges 28 Figure 8-2 The Right Clavicle Scapula Clavicle Jugular notch Acromial end Sternal end LATERAL Facet for articulation with acromion MEDIAL Superior view of the right clavicle. Sternal facet Acromial end LATERAL Conoid tubercle Costal tuberosity MEDIAL Sternal end The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior view of the right clavicle. Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid tubercle and the costal tuberosity. Figure 8-3 The Right Scapula Superior angle Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Lateral angle Neck Spine Subscapular fossa Body Spine Glenoid cavity Infraspinous fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Lateral border Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle Anterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior angle Lateral view Posterior view Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea Posterior surface © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-5 The Right Radius and Ulna Olecranon Olecranon Trochlear notch Proximal radioulnar joint Radial head Coronoid process Neck of radius Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity ULNA ULNA RADIUS ULNA Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar head Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Posterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Figure 8-6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand RADIUS ULNA Lunate Scaphold Triquetrum Trapezium Pisiform Trapezoid I Hamate V IV III II Capitate Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Posterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-7 The Right Hip Bone Ilium Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Pubis Ischium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Anterior gluteal line Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Acetabular notch Lunate surface of acetabulum Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Pectineal line Lesser sciatic notch Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Inferior ramus of pubis Obturator foramen Ischial ramus Right hip bone, lateral view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Iliac tuberosity Inferior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Ischial tuberosity Iliac fossa Location of pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Right hip bone, medial view Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male SACRUM COCCYX ILIUM PUBIS Hip bone (Figure 8–7) ISCHIUM Iliac crest L5 Iliac fossa Sacroiliac joint ILIUM Arcuate line SACRUM PUBIS Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Pubic tubercle ISCHIUM Obturator foramen Anterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur Neck Greater trochanter Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Femoral head Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Linea aspera Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge Popliteal surface Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Anterior surface © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Posterior surface Figure 8-12a The Right Patella (a, b) and Patella with Femur (c) Patella © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-13 The Right Tibia and Fibula Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Lateral tibial condyle Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Soleal line Anterior margin Tibia Interosseous membrane Fibula Anterior margin Interosseous membrane TIBIA TIBIA FIBULA Cross section of tibia and fibula FIBULA Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Inferior articular surface Anterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus (fibula) Posterior view Figure 8-14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot Medial cuneiform bone Calcaneus Phalanges Navicular Talus Metatarsal bones Trochlea of talus Calcaneus Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiform bones V IV III II Lateral Intermediate Transverse arch Medial Medial view, right foot I Phalanges Metatarsal bones Proximal Middle Hallux Distal Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Superior view, right foot © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Longitudinal arch Figure 7-3d The Adult Skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-3c The Adult Skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-3e The Adult Skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-3a The Adult Skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-3b The Adult Skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-12c The Mandible and Hyoid Bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-16 The Vertebral Column © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-18b Vertebral Anatomy © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-18c Vertebral Anatomy © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-18de Vertebral Anatomy © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-19d The Cervical Vertebrae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Review Questions 7-2 Vertebrae and Vertebral Regions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-22a The Sacrum and Coccyx © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-23 The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-23a The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-23b The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-2 The Right Clavicle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-3 The Right Scapula © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-5 The Right Radius and Ulna © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.