Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and

Chapter 7
Skeletal
System
(Part 3)
1
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Vertebral Column
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•The vertebral column, or spinal
column, consists of many vertebrae
separated by cartilaginous
intervertebral discs.
Cervical
vertebrae
Cervical
curvature
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
• Cervical vertebrae (7)
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Lumbar vertebrae (5)
• Sacral (4-5 fused segments)
• Sacrum is fused bone
• Coccyx is fused bone
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacral
curvature
2
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
Vertebral Column
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• Cervical curvature
• Thoracic curvature
• Lumbar curvature
• Sacral curvature
• Rib facets
• Vertebral prominens
• Intervertebral discs (IVD)
• Intervertebral foramina (IVF)
Cervical
vertebrae
Cervical
curvature
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacral
curvature
3
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
Typical Vertebrae
• Includes the following parts:
• Vertebral body (A)
• Pedicles (B)
• Lamina (C)
• Spinous process (D)
• Transverse processes (E)
• Vertebral foramen (F)
• Facets (G)
D
G
C
E
F
B
A
4
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas –
supports head
• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn
head
• Transverse foramen
• Bifid spinous processes
• Vertebral prominens – useful
landmark
1st;
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Posterior
Facet that articulates
with occipital condyle
Vertebral
foramen
Transverse
process
Anterior
Facet that articulates
with dens (odontoid process)
of axis
Atlas
(a)
Transverse
foramen
Anterior articular
facet for atlas
Spinous
process
Spinous process
Dens
Superior
articular facet
Transverse
foramen
Body
Inferior articular
process
(b)
Transverse
process
(c)
Axis
Dens (odontoid
process)
5
Thoracic Vertebrae
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• Long spinous processes
• Processes point inferiorly
• Rib facets
Superior
articular
process
Superior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Pedicle
Facet for
tubercle of rib
Body
Intervertebral notch
Body
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Inferior articular
process
(a)
Spinous process
Inferior articular
process
Lamina
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Facet for tubercle of rib
Superior articular process
Vertebral foramen
Anterior
Spinous
process
Pedicle
Body
6
(b)
Posterior
(c)
Lumbar Vertebrae
• Large bodies
• Thick, short (almost square) spinous processes
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Spinous process
Lamina
Superior articular
process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Body
(c) Lumbar vertebra
7
Sacrum & Coccyx
• 4-5 fused segments
• Median sacral crest
• Posterior sacral
foramina
• Posterior wall of pelvic
cavity
• Sacral promontory aka
base
• Area toward coccyx is
the apex
• Coccyx aka tailbone
• 3-4 fused segments
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Sacral promontory
Superior articular process
Sacral canal
Auricular
surface
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Sacrum
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Anterior sacral
foramen
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
8
Thoracic Cage
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Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
• The thoracic cage includes the
ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the
sternum, and the costal cartilages
that attach the ribs to the sternum.
• Ribs (12)
• Sternum
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Costal cartilages
• Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
• Protects viscera
• Role in breathing
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
9
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Ribs
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Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
Clavicular notch
1
2
• Humans have 12 pairs of ribs:
• True ribs (7)
• False ribs (5), of which:
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
• Floating (2)
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
10
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Rib Structure
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• Shaft
• Head – posterior end;
articulates with vertebrae
• Tubercle – articulates with
vertebrae
• Costal cartilage – hyaline
cartilage
Neck
Head
Tubercle
Anterior end
Shaft
Costal groove
(a)
Spinous process
Facet
Tubercle
Neck
Head
Facet
Shaft
(b)
Anterior end
(sternal end)
11
Sternum
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Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
• Three (3) parts of the
sternum:
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
12
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
7.9: Pectoral Girdle
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• Also known as the
shoulder girdle
• Clavicles
• Scapulae
• Supports upper limbs
• True shoulder joint is
simply the articulation of
the humerus and scapula
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
13
Clavicles
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• Articulate with manubrium
• Articulate with scapulae
(acromion process)
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
14
Scapulae
• Spine
• Supraspinous fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• Acromion process
• Coracoid process
• Glenoid fossa or cavity
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Superior
border
Coracoid
process
Suprascapular
notch
Acromion
process
Acromion
process
Coracoid
process
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
(a)
Glenoid
cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Lateral
(axillary) border
Medial
(vertebral)
border
(b)
(c)
15
7.10: Upper Limb
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• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
(Interosseous membrane)
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Humerus
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Olecranon
fossa
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Ulna
(c)
Radius
Ulna
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
(a) Hand (palm anterior)
(b) Hand (palm posterior)
(d)
d: © Martin Rotker
16
Humerus
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• Head
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Anatomical neck
• Surgical neck
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Coronoid fossa
• Olecranon fossa
Greater tubercle
Head
Intertubercular
groove
Anatomical
neck
Lesser tubercle
Surgical
neck
Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea
(a)
17
(b)
Radius
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• Lateral forearm bone
• Head
• Radial tuberosity
• Styloid process
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Radial tuberosity
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
(a)
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
18
Ulna
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• Medial forearm bone
• Trochlear notch
• Olecranon process
• Coronoid process
• Styloid process
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Radial tuberosity
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
(a)
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
19
Wrist and Hand
• Carpal Bones (16 total bones)
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetral
• Pisiform
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Trapezoid
• Trapezium
Radius
Ulna
Lunate
Hamate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Carpals
(carpus)
1
1
Metacarpals
(metacarpus)
• Metacarpal Bones (10)
• Phalangeal Bones (28)
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2
5
5
3
4
4
3
2
Proximal
phalanx
Phalanges
• Proximal phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
• Middle phalanx
• Distal phalanx
(a)
(b)
20
7.11: Pelvic Girdle
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• Coxal Bones (2)
• Supports trunk of body
• Protects viscera
• Forms pelvic cavity
Sacral canal
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Ischium
(b)
Pubis
Obturator foramen
Sacroiliac joint
Ilium
Sacral promontory
Sacrum
Acetabulum
Pubis
Symphysis
pubis
Pubic tubercle
Ischium
21
Pubic arch
(a)
c: © Martin Rotker
(c)
Hip Bones
• Also known as the coxae:
• Acetabulum
• There are three (3)
bones:
1. Ilium
• Iliac crest
• Iliac spines
• Greater sciatic notch
2. Ischium
• Ischial spines
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Ischial tuberosity
3. Pubis
• Obturator foramen
• Symphysis pubis
• Pubic arch
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Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Ilium
Anterior
inferior
iliac spine
Ilium
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Obturator
foramen
Greater
sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubis
Ischium
Ischial spine
Lesser
sciatic notch
Pubic crest
Ischium
Pubis
Pubic tubercle
Ischial
tuberosity
(a)
(b)
22
Greater and Lesser Pelves
• Greater Pelvis
• Lumbar vertebrae
posteriorly
• Iliac bones laterally
• Abdominal wall
anteriorly
• Lesser Pelvis
• Sacrum and coccyx
posteriorly
• Lower ilium, ischium, and
pubic bones laterally and
anteriorly
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Flared ilium
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim
Symphysis pubis
(a) Female pelvis
Pubic arch
Sacral promontory
Sacral curvature
23
(b) Male pelvis
Pubic arch
Differences Between
Male Female Pelves
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• Female pelvis
• Iliac bones more flared
• Broader hips
• Pubic arch angle greater
• More distance between ischial
spines and ischial tuberosities
• Sacral curvature shorter and
flatter
• Lighter bones
• Why these differences?
Flared ilium
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim
Symphysis pubis
(a) Female pelvis
Pubic arch
Sacral promontory
Sacral curvature
24
(b) Male pelvis
Pubic arch
7.12: Lower Limb
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• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
(c) Lateral view
Patella
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
(d) Posterior view
25
Phalanges
(b)
Femur
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• Longest bone of body
• Head
• Fovea capitis
• Neck
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Linea aspera
• Condyles
• Epicondyles
Fovea capitis
Neck
Head
Greater
trochanter
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Linea
aspera
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial
condyle
Lateral
condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
(a)
Patellar
surface
(b)
26
Patella
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• Aka kneecap
• Anterior surface of the knee
joint
• Flat sesamoid bone located
in the quadriceps tendon
Femur
Patella
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
(c) Lateral view
Patella
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
(d) Posterior view
27
Phalanges
(b)
Tibia
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• Aka shin bone
• Medial to fibula
• Condyles
• Tibial tuberosity
• Anterior crest
• Makes the medial malleolus
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Intercondylar
eminence
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
28
Fibula
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• Lateral to tibia
• Long, slender
• Head
• Makes the lateral malleolus
• Non-weight bearing
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Intercondylar
eminence
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
29
Foot
• Tarsal Bones (14)
• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Lateral (3rd) cuneiform
• Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform
• Medial (1st) cuneiform
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Fibula
Tibia
Talus
Medial
cuneiformNavicular
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
• Metatarsal Bones (10)
• Phalanges (28)
Calcaneus
Phalanges
Calcaneal
tuberosity
(b)
Tarsals
(tarsus)
• Proximal
• Middle
• Distal
30
Foot
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Calcaneus
Talus
Tarsals
(tarsus)
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
5
4
3
2
1
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Phalanges
31
(a)