Transcript Effectiveness of Toolbox Training for Residential

Examining the Impact of Narrative
Case Studies in Toolbox Talks for
Building Construction
Terri Heidotting, Ed.D.
Education and Information Division
NIOSH
Best Practices in Occupational Safety and Health,
Education, Training, and Communication: Ideas That Sizzle
Baltimore, Md - October 2002
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Injury and Fatality Incidence Rates
Fatal Occuptional Injuries by Industry (2001)
Government
Nonfatal Occupational Injury / Illness by Industry
(2000)
3.1
Services/Other
Services/Other
Retail
Wholesale
6.8
3.9
Retail
5.9
Wholesale
5.8
2.4
4.3
Transportation
Transportation
Manufacturing
Construction
Manufacturing
3.2
9
Construction
13.3
Mining
Agriculture
6.9
12.9
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22.8
Mining
Agriculture
8.3
4.7
7.1
Sources: BLS Census of Fatal Occuptional Injuries and Employment by Industry, 2001
(http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.t04.htm); BLS Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occuptional Injuries and Illnesses by
Industry Division and Selected Case Types, 1998-2000, Table 7 (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/osh.t07.htm )
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What are “Toolbox Talks”
• Also called “tailgate”
talks used in wide range
of industries –
construction, mining,
agriculture
• Brief (10-15 minute)
weekly safety training
sessions (“talks”)
• Safety talks conducted
on the work site
• Safety talk conducted by
the site supervisor,
foreman, safety
supervisor, or senior
employee
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Background
• Previous focus groups on improving toolbox
talks - Role of narratives / stories
• Need for quality training materials that are:
– Inexpensive and easily accessible
– Have a wide variety of safety topics
– Evaluated for their effectiveness
• Safety training materials developed with
input from the industry
• Instructional design of materials grounded in
accepted learning theories
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Training Intervention
Effectiveness Research (TIER)
•
•
•
•
T I
ER
Formative Evaluation:
– Determination of training needs
– Conceptualization of goals and objectives to meet the needs
Process Evaluation:
– Development of draft training materials
– Field testing of data collection instruments
Outcome Evaluation:
– Controlled study to determine if intended outcomes are obtained
and sustained
– Identification if critical elements
Impact Assessment:
– Longitudinal study - Did training met the educational needs identified
in Stage 1
– Examination of the impact of training on the learner and learner’s
environment
NIOSH Publication Number: 99-142
Website: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/99-142.html
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Pilot Study
• Draft toolbox lessons
– Treatment – with story
(narrative)
– Control – without story
(company’s own lessons)
• Data collection and analyses
– Focus groups
– Interviews
– Observations of training
sessions
• Participants
– Electricians, carpenters,
laborers with 4 to 38 years
of experience
• Feedback from instructors and
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employees
Toolbox Talks – Meeting the Needs
of Instructors and Employees
• Instructors
– Uncomfortable presenting materials in front of others
– Want to present quality materials that will keep the employees
interest and encourage their participation
• “Typical toolbox materials are “pretty lame”
• “It just goes in one ear and out the other”
• Employees “aren’t paying attention…don’t care to be
there…they want to sign their name and leave.”
– Want materials that are easy to use
• Don’t have pre-training preparation time
• Employees
– Want quality materials that are interesting
• “Sometimes it seems like it never happened”
• Ineffective toolbox talks are “rushed for time…you’re going
to lose your interest right off the bat”
– Want topics that reflect work being done
– “Get to the point!”
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Pilot Versions of NIOSH Toolbox
Talks for Construction
Building
Construction
#2
Preventing Falls From Extension Ladders
In building construction, falls from ladders occur frequently, and for a variety of
reasons. Here are the details of a fatal fall from a section of an extension
ladder:
A two man crew was finishing up on a jobsite after replacing the roofing
material on a bank building. The two workers decided to use the two halves of
an extension ladder separately. They placed the lower section of the
extension ladder (with proper feet attached) against a roof over top the drivein banking lanes. One worker took the upper section of the ladder (with
rounded end caps, but no feet) to finish some work on a small section of roof
over a bank entrance. After completing this task, the same worker placed the
upper section against the roof beside the lower section. After retrieving tools,
including a bristle-head broom, he began to climb the upper section of the
ladder. He was nearly to the roof, when the ladder slid outward at the bottom.
The worker fell with the ladder. The broom, which was being carried with the
bristles down, struck the pavement, and then the victim’s head struck the
handle end of the broom stick. A bank employee heard the fall, looked out a
window, and saw the victim on the ground. The injured worker was semiconscious when the emergency squad arrived and transported him to a local
hospital for treatment. Shortly after arriving at the hospital, he was taken to a
regional trauma center by air ambulance, where he died the following day.
Discussion:
Based on this brief description, what do you think went wrong?
Do you think carrying tools, materials and a broom up the ladder contributed
to this fatal fall? What else might have contributed?
Have you ever fallen, or nearly fallen from a ladder? Do any of you know
anyone who has fallen from a ladder? (Tell us what happened.) How could a
fall like this have been prevented?
Preventing Falls From Extension Ladders:
Probably the biggest risk in the use of portable ladders is that the ladder will
slip from its position and cause a worker to fall. Incorrect use of ladders may
result in the bottom of ladders slipping outward, or ladders that fall to one side
or another. In the case described above there were several factors that
contributed to the fatal fall. For instance, the sections of extension ladders
should never be separated for individual use. The upper sections rarely have
proper feet. These sections can slip out if used like other portable ladders with
feet. It is usually very risky to attempt to carry tools or materials while climbing
up or down a ladder. The three-point-contact rule should be followed: two feet
and a hand, or two hands and a foot, should always be in contact with the
ladder. Finally, it is usually a good idea to secure the ladder at both top and
bottom, using equipment such as ladder spurs; this makes good sense
especially if the ladder will be used in one position for a while. This may seem
like a freak accident because the fatal injury occurred when the worker struck
his head on the handle end of a broom, but the circumstances of this fall are
very common. Any time a ladder slips or is dislodged from its position while a
worker is on it, that worker is in danger of falling and striking the ground,
equipment or materials, parts of the building or the ladder itself, causing
serious even fatal injury.
Other tips for safe ladder use:
 Non-self-supporting portable ladders should be placed at a horizontal-tovertical angle of no more than 1:4. This simply means that the base
should not extend out from the supporting vertical wall more than 1/4 the
overall height of the ladder.
 The side rails of portable ladders should extend at least 3 feet above the
landing. (When this is not possible, secure the side rails at the top to a
rigid support and use a grab device.)
 Make sure that the weight on the ladder will not cause it to slip off its
support.
 Before each use inspect ladders for cracked or broken parts such as
rungs, steps, side rails, feet and locking components.
 Do not apply more weight on the ladder than it is designed to support 8
Use only ladders that comply with OSHA design standards
[1926.1053(a)(1)]
NIOSH Narrative Toolbox Talks
What Worked
• Real-life stories would “get
my attention”
• Stories that reflect incidents
in the employees’
geographical area more
interesting
• Discussion questions
pertaining to the story
facilitated participation and
interest
• Stories made the information
easier to understand and
remember
• Employees and instructors
reported they could “relate
to” the person in the story
• Safety topics reflected work
done at the site
Real Life Incident—
A carpenter and his co-worker were
overcome by carbon monoxide (CO)
when they entered a basement area
where a gasoline-powered generator
was lowered into the basement to
serve as the source of power. The
first worker used a ladder to climb
down into the basement to check the
generator and was overcome by
carbon monoxide. The second
worker, who probably entered the
basement to assist the downed
worker, was also overcome. The
workers were dead when
they were found and the
basement was…….
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NIOSH Narrative Toolbox Talks
Changes Made
…the emergency squad arrived and transported
him to a local hospital for treatment. Shortly
after arriving at the hospital, he was taken to a
regional trauma center by air ambulance, where
he died the following day.
Story Discussion Questions:
Based on this brief description, what do you
think went wrong?
Preventing Falls From Extension Ladders:
Probably the biggest risk in the use of portable
ladders is that the ladder will slip from its
position and cause a worker to fall. Incorrect
use of ladders may result in the bottom of
ladders slipping outward, or ladders that fall to
one side or another. In the case described
above there were several factors that
contributed to the fatal fall. For instance, the
sections of extension ladders should never be
separated for individual use. The upper sections
rarely have proper feet. These sections can slip
out if used like other portable ladders with feet.
 The three-point-contact rule should be
followed: two feet and a hand, or two hands
and a foot, should always be in contact with
the ladder.
• Don’t include unnecessary
details
• Need variety --“Everybody
dies”
• Bullet additional information
for easier manipulation by
instructor
• Present story discussion
questions immediately
afterwards
• Vocabulary level of text
should be simple
• Text structured to be read
verbatim
• Pictures added
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Revised NIOSH Toolbox Talks
for Construction
Preventing Electrocutions: Overhead
Powerlines and Boom Crane
 Overhead power lines at construction sites can be an
electrocution hazard for construction workers, especially
when construction equipment like cranes, cherry pickers
and hi-lifts are used at the site.
 Overhead powerlines are not insulated, and cranes,
including the boom and cables, are generally made of
conductive materials. Anyone touching the body, cable, or
tagline on a crane when it contacts an overhead powerline
could be electrocuted.
A construction electrocution:
A laborer was part of a crew that was installing steel roof joists using a
boom crane. The laborer was standing by the joists, waiting to hook the
joists to the choker cable, when the crane operator swung the cable
toward him. He grabbed the choker, then grabbed a steel post with his
other hand, to balance himself as the cable kept swinging. The cable
swung out and touched the powerline, became energized, and sent
electricity through the laborer, electrocuting him. They took him to the
hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival.
1. How would you prevent an electrocution like this?
2. Do you know anyone who was injured or electrocuted when a
crane contacted an overhead powerline? What happened?
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Next Steps...
• Formal study – treatment and control groups
– Impact of real life cases
• Pre-training versus post-training changes in:
– Knowledge gains
– Safety attitudes
– Site observations
– Satisfaction with training
– Potential differences in injury rates
– Instructor feedback
• Ongoing improvements in training lessons
• Development of public domain materials
accessible to all
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For more information please contact:
Terri Heidotting, Ed.D.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Education and Information Division
4676 Columbia Parkway, C-10
Cincinnati, Oh. 45226
513/533-8325
1-800-35-NIOSH
1-800-356-4674
[email protected]
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