Transcript Slide 1

Ross Hamilton, Ph.D.
Vice President Government Affairs & Technology
Darling International Inc.
RENDERING IS:.. ESSENTIAL! …SUSTAINABLE!
THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE STATED IN ASSEMBLY BILL NO. 1249*:
“The Legislature hereby finds and declares all of the
following:
(a)
(b)
The rendering industry is a critical health
and safety infrastructure for California.
Rendering is an effective tool to eliminate
many human and animal disease pathogens,
protects our groundwater and air resources,
and greatly reduces greenhouse gas
emissions compared to other alternative
disposal options.
*California Assembly Bill No. 1249, Chapter 280, Approved by Governor October 11,
2009.
2
WHAT IS AVAILABLE TO THE RENDERING INDUSTRY TO RECYCLE?
Wastes generated by the meat and food industries in US.
Source
On-farm and pre-slaughter
Inedible byproducts removed at
slaughter
Amount
(million pounds)
3,702.4
39,047.6
Downstream
Fat, bone and trim from processing
Expired meat from retail stores
23,850.7
3,960.4
Used cooking (frying) oil
Total
5,629.4
76,190.2
WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?
Kills pathogenic organisms
 Protects (sustains) the environment
 Recycles carbon
 Recycles energy
 Provides control, verification and
traceability to regulatory agencies and the
public that condemned or expired meat
products are not re-used as human food.

The industry does all of this within hours of receiving raw
materials, rather than taking weeks or months as some
popular alternative methods do.
WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Kills pathogenic organisms
+ Pathogens that may threaten human and animal
health thrive on perishable organic materials.
Challenge – Pathogens threaten human & animal health
Pathogens are common in animal materials A
Bacteria
Adequate heat kills conventional pathogens
Raw tissue
Salmonella
120
60
40
20
16
0
15
8
15
6
15
4
15
2
15
0
14
8
14
6
14
4
14
2
14
0
13
8
8.3 %
13
6
0
13
4
L. monocytogenes
76.2 %
80
13
2
Listeria species
71.4 %
13
0
Clostridium perfringens
Time, minutes
100
Internal Temperature (F)
64% of > 1400 human pathogens are zoonotic
73% of 177 emerging pathogens originated in animals
18
5
18
2
17
8
17
4
17
1
16
7
16
3
16
0
15
6
FPRF, 2001. 17 facilities sampled winter and summer.
14
5
A
84.5 %
15
3
Salmonella species
20.0 %
Listeria
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
14
9
C. jejuni
29.8 %
Time, minutes
Campylobacter species
Internal Temperature (F)
BSE agent is a potential hazard, but is
addressed through compliance with
FDA regulations
TIME AND TEMPERATURE PROFILE
CONTINUOUS COOKER WITH FAT ADDED BACK
Assume lower critical limit of 255˚ F
Minutes Material Exposed to Temperature
Minutes
Lower critical
limit of 255 F.
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16
13
8
3
212
230
248
Temperature, ˚F
266
EU data
PREDICTED BACTERIA DEATH RATE
Initial population = 2*106 – Assume material exposed to 255˚ F LCT for 3 minutes
Time to kill 1 log
(90%), seconds
% killed at 255 F
for 3 minutes
Log reduction
255 F for 3 min
3.2
> 99.9999%
7.8
Salmonella
<.001
Essentially all
1,600,000
Listeria
monocytogenes
<.001
Essentially all
2,400,000
Camplylobacter
jejuni
<.001
Essentially all
1,425,000,000
E. Coli
<.001
Essentially all
569,000,000
Staphylococcus
aureus
<.001
Essentially all
103,000.000,000
Organism
Clostridium
perfringens (spore)
Table supports using Clostridia as indicator, but is based on food industry data and may not apply to rendered
products that are high in fat. A threshold log reduction has not been determined for animal feed.
RENDERING USES HACCP PRINCIPLES FOR FEED SAFETY
Animal Protein Producers Industry – Code of Practice
•
•
•
•
•
Based on HACCP-like (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) plan
Follows written procedures and process controls for feed safety
Verified by third party auditors
FDA agrees
Hazard analysis and hazard control are in Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010
Certifications
Used
Cooking
Oil
Raw
Material
Inspections
Decanting
Temperature
Heat Processing
(Time x Temperature)
Sizing
Inspections
Grinding
Labeling
Temperature
Protein
Press
Compliance
testing
Storage/Load-out
Fat clean-up
Labeling
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Rendering breaks disease cycle
•
Protects surface and groundwater from pathogens
•
Used by federal agencies to eradicate diseases in animals
•
Some other disposal methods use bacteria to decompose material
Infect
humans &
animals
Pathogen
contamination
Disease cycle
Spread by
wind, water,
animals
Raw
byproducts
Rendering is the
Rendering
Pathogens
multiply
New uses
“Gate Keeper”
Sanitized
products
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WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Protects (sustains) the environment
SUSTAINS THE ENVIRONMENT

Obvious ways:







Prevents fats and oils from polluting waterways
Controls accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil
Assures landfill space available for non-recyclables
Rendering process removes water to reduce original volume by
60%.
Compared to other disposal methods, reduces discharges of
particulates, SO, dioxins and hydrogen sulfide.
Proper grease disposal prevents occlusion of sanitary sewer
systems
New benefit realized:

Recycling of carbon and nitrogen – the raw materials Darling
recycles are rich in these elements. Fats and oils are 76%
carbon. Animal proteins contain 22 - 30% carbon and 8 – 14%
nitrogen.
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The rendering industry has been the gatekeepers of food safety and the environment for
decades, offering a sanitary and eco-friendly way to dispose of the massive amount of meat
and food by-products produced every year.
Biofuel
Animal
Slaughter
Meat
processing
Restaurants
Trap
Services
Animal
Production
Meat
byproduct
Food Stores
Animal
health
Feed safety
programs
Feed
nutrients
Restaurant Services
Rendering
SUSTAINABILITY
People
Planet
Profit
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WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Recycles1 materials/nutrients:





Rendering is recycling. It processes used or waste food materials
to make useful products having industrial uses, nutrients for
animals and renewable fuels.
Rendering captures carbon and nitrogen to avoid greenhouse gas
emissions.
Rendering captures many times more carbon than it emits from
its processes.
Rendering recycles phosphorus and other minerals to prevent
loading of the soil and waterways.
Rendering is a better example of recycling than recycling of
aluminum cans, because rendering has remained
economically sustainable for more than a century.
1 Webster
defines recycle as: “to treat or process used or waste materials so as to make
suitable for reuse.”
OUR GREEN IMPACT
Rendering Annually Recycles (million lb) :
Nutrient
Rendering protects the
environment:
PCRA
US total
Carbon
560
10,511
Nitrogen
166
1,072
13
384
Phosphorus
US rendering facilities utilize world-class processing equipment, treatment
processes and control equipment to minimize the discharge impact on the local
environments’ air and water.
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WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Recycles carbon :
Rendering captures many times more carbon than it
emits from its processes.
 Carbon and nitrogen captured in rendered products
cannot form CO2, methane or nitrous oxide.
 Thus, rendering is considered to be an effective Carbon
capture and GHG avoidance technology.

RENDERING IS A NET CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY
Assumptions: (1) 70.6 billion lb of animal byproducts generated on-farm, at slaughter, from processing and by grocery
stores; and (2) 5.6 billion lb of used frying oil generated by the food industry is recycled by the rendering industry.
GHG Sources
GHG emissions if all material is Composted1
Rendering
Avoids
Scope 1
Scope 2
GHG emissions avoided by rendering
Scope 3
Emissions
from
Rendering
Composting
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Millions of Metric Tons CO2 equivalents per year
Calculated using data from Shanwei et al., 2007 for composting animal remains: 100% of carbon
emitted as gases (96% as CO2 and 4% as methane) and 6% of nitrogen emitted as nitrous oxide.
1
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WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Recycles energy:
 Captures
the energy in the raw materials and
packages it into stable products that can be stored,
transported and used easily.
 All rendered products contain significant amounts
of energy.
 Fats , greases and oils are nature’s way of
concentrating and storing energy,
 Whether energy is measured in calories or as BTU,
it is still energy.
RENDERING MORE ENERGY THAN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
Energy of rendered and AD products, BTU/lb
Biogas
Protein
Fat

16,935


5,370

6,675


Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion1
Peak biogas production not
reached for 10 days
Products are biogas and effluent.
Complete digestion not likely:
Rendering
Rendering
 Products recycled same day received
 Energy in protein meals is used by
animals for growth and production.
 Energy in fats is used by animals for
growth & milk/egg production, as a
fuel source in boilers or as a feedstock
for biodiesel /renewable diesel.
Biogas characteristics






1
Ash (15 to 30%) left in effluent
19% of volatile solids left after 28
days
76.3% BTU of natural gas
73% methane
27% carbon dioxide
Methane is used to make
electricity or in boilers.
CO2 not combusted and is released
as greenhouse gas
Effluent dried for land application
 VFAs may be toxic to plants
Data from Zhang et al.2007 Bioresource Tech. 98:929
RENDERING CAPTURES THE ENERGY CONTAINED IN ANIMAL BYPRODUCTS AND FOOD
WASTE INTO STABLE PRODUCTS THAT ARE EASY TO STORE, TRANSPORT AND USE.
The 76.2 billion pounds of animal byproducts and used frying oil generated
each year in the US contains more than 364 million MMBTU. The
quantities of common sources of energy needed to provide an equivalent
number of BTU are listed below.
Alternative fuel source
364 million MMBTU provided by:
Coal, tons
18.3 million
Electricity, kWh
Natural gas, cubic feet
Crude oil, barrels
Gasoline, gallons
106.9 billion
355.2 billion
62.9 million
2.9 billion
Heating oil, gallons
2.6 billion
RENDERING ANIMAL BYPRODUCTS AND FOOD WASTE CAPTURES THE ENERGY
INTO STABLE PRODUCTS THAT ARE EASY TO STORE, TRANSPORT AND USE.
The energy that would be captured by rendering all of the 76.2 billion pounds of animal
byproducts and used frying oil generated each year in the US1 would be equivalent to the
following sources of energy used by typical US households in a year:
The coal needed to generate electricity for 2.3 million
households.
The energy from the electricity used by 6.8 million
households.
The natural gas used by 4.3 million households for furnaces
and to heat water.
The gasoline used to fuel the cars driven by 2.7 million
households.
The heating oil used to heat 3.6 million households.
1 More
than 364 million MMBTU.
WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Provides control, verification and
traceability to regulatory agencies and the
public that condemned or expired meat
products are not re-used as human food.
How rendering is regulated and control is maintained over raw/finished materials:
Raw Material
composition
Collection-transportation
Meat not for
human food
State Dept of
Agriculture
USDA/FSIS
Processing
City & State Health Dept
Non-Feed
Use
FDA-CVM
Tallow
Protein
State Dept of
Agriculture
USDA/APHIS
FDACFSAN
Exports
Fatty Acid
Splitters
FDA-CVM
Animal Feed
US & State EPA, OSHA, DOT, etc.
USDA/APHIS
KEY FDA REGULATIONS RENDERERS MUST COMPLY WITH

21 CFR §§ 589.2000 & 589.2001 – CMPAF (Feed Rule)

Effective October 26, 2010 – the primary rule for compliance
Public Health & Bioterrorism Preparedness Act
 21 CFR Parts 1 and 20 – Facility Registration


21 CFR §§ 1.276 through 1.285 – Prior Notice


Notify FDA when “Food” is to be imported (i.e. Canadian fat & bone)
21 CFR Parts 1 and 11 – Record Keeping Requirement


Each facility (except trap only) is registered - will ask for number
Trace material one-step forward and backward (including transport)
21 CFR Parts 1, 10 and 16 – Administrative Detention

Procedures to detain “food” reasonably likely to be unsafe
Food & Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007
 FD&C Act Section 415 – Reportable Food Registry

Report adulterated food that may cause death/serious illness
Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010 – regulations pending…
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SAFETY OF RENDERED PRODUCTS USED IN FEED
REGULATED BY THE U.S FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA)
Food Drug & Cosmetic Act definition of “Food”

Articles of food or drink for man or other animals – including components of
any such articles
FDA considers rendered products safe (CPG 7126.24). This
guidance recognizes that rendering:
 Has provided more than 100 years of recycling
to meat and food industries.
 Has supplied nutrients to animals since the 1940’s.
 Processes designed to assure the resulting
feed ingredients pose no threat of disease
transmission to animals.
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HOW DO ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS STACK UP ?


Because rendering recycles fats and proteins, it avoids the
release of significant amounts of greenhouse gases. The
alternative disposal options are all net producers of GHG.
Methods that use decomposition to breakdown the material
convert all of the carbon to methane and carbon dioxide and
some nitrogen to nitrous oxide.




Composting – CO2 primarily released with some CH4 & N2O.
Landfills – Large amounts of CH4 produced; some CO2 & N2O
Burial – Similar to landfills
Even if landfills capture methane, burning it as fuel or as a
flame releases CO2.
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RENDERING PREVENTS THE SPREAD OF DISEASE
In 2001, the Government of the United Kingdom ranked various disposal options according to
their risk of exposing the public to hazards.
Bacterial hazards:
Risk increases with bar height



Food pathogens (E.Coli, salmonella, botulism)
Disease pathogens (Anthrax, TB, Plague, Tetanus)
Drinking water pathogens
Chemical hazards:




Bacterial
Rendering
Incineration
The UK concluded that rendering is the
preferred method of disposal
Chemical
Landfill
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Other harmful chemicals
Burial
120
Cooking Kills Salmonella
Time, minutes
100
80
Meat and food byproducts provide an excellent
environment for pathogens to grow and multiply.
60
40
20
Temperatures (> 250°F) used during the rendering process
are more than adequate to kill conventional diseasecausing organisms, such as bacteria and viruses.
0
Internal Temperature (F)
27
Cosmetics
Tires
Greenhouse
Gases
Oleo-chemical
Lubricants
Electricit
y
Paints
Animal Feed
Pet
Food
Fertilizer
Biofuel
Generator
Fertilize
r
Captured C
?
7:1 capture
to emit ratio
Water
Rendering
Dryer
Biogas
75% Methane
25% CO2
Effluent
Compost
Meat waste
Digester
HOW RENDERING COMPARES TO ALTERNATIVES1
Item
Composting
Digester
Rendering
Little
Moderate
Full control
Weeks/months
10 + days
Same day
Limits
Limits
Routine
Yes
Co2
Avoided
Wastewater controlled?
Not all
Yes
Yes
End products regulated?
Minimal
????
Yes
No
No
Yes
Process regulated?
Little
Little
Yes
Kills pathogens reliably?
Spotty
Not all
Yes
End products safe for animals
Hazard2
NA
Yes3
Solids suitable for land application?
Fertilizer
Toxic to plants?4
Fertilizer
Uses energy1
Yes
Yes
For plant material
Not if energy
cheap
> 100 years old
Controlled consistent process?
Timely processing of raw materials?
Take surges/changes in raw
materials?
GHG emitted?
Safely handle inedible meats?
Source of biofuel
Sustainable
Compost and digester comparisons from Mata-Alvarez and Llabres, 2000
meat included in compost, potential violation of 21CFR 589.2000/2001 & Swine Health Protection Act
3 Use for animals regulated. Certain products can not be fed to cattle and other ruminants
4 Volatile fatty acids present in effluent may be toxic to plants..
1
2 If
RENDERING IS THE PREFERRED DISPOSAL METHOD
Essential “Gate Keeper” for People & Planet
Without rendering…. critical issues using other methods of disposal:
• Composting - Volume would fill 10,000 new Dallas Cowboy stadiums per year
Composting mammalian flesh is prohibited in California (14 CCR § 17855.2)
• Landfill – Volume would reduce existing US landfill space by 25% per year and
increase GHG emissions
• Incineration – Cost prohibitive and has air quality
issues
• Burial – Potential for ground and surface water
contamination
• Abandonment –Greatest threat to environment and
human/animal health
• Without grease collections –municipal sewers
would become occluded and cost $millions to clean
None reach rendering’s level of sustainability.
30
SUMMARY
Rendering provides essential services
to society.
Rendering
offers a sanitary and eco-friendly
way to dispose of the massive amount of
meat and food by-products produced every
year.
If
not recycled, the large amounts of carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorus present in these
organic materials may contribute to global
warming, soil loading and water
contamination.
Our
facilities utilize world-class processing
equipment, treatment processes and control
equipment to minimize the discharge impact
on the local environments’ air and water.
Rendering is Essential!
Rendering is the Solution !!
31
Rendering …
MISSION CRITICAL,
NECESSARY,
ESSENTIAL AND
SUSTAINABLE
32