Transcript Document
Italian Unification Obstacles to Italian Unification • No Italian language • North is industrial, South is rural • Much of land Italy envisions as part of Italy is held by Ottoman and Austrian Empires • What will be the central rallying point for Italian Nationalism – – – – Pope and church? One king in one of the Italian States? Radical socialist-type democracy? What if Pope isn’t the unifying point? What to do about the Pope in a secular Italy? Obstacles Overcome • Cavour built a unified moderate (monarchical) Northern Italy – Had to ‘buy’ Napoleon III’s support with territories to France – Unification under Sardinia’s monarch Victor Emmanuel • Garibaldi unified Southern Italy under a radical program (no monarch) • A fight between north and south appeared imminent, but Garibaldi bowed to Cavour and chose national unity over radical ideology • Provides a spur to northern German neighbors Italian Unification Cavour/ Emmanuel Garibaldi German Unification Under Bismarck Legacy of 1848 • Frederick William IV had failed to unify Germany under Prussian leadership – Refused to take crown from ‘the mob’ (Frankfurt Parliament) – Was thwarted in his goal to receive crown from the elite by… • Austria and Russia • Why would they resist? Prussia v Austria • Both want to be the leaders of German Unification – Italy’s Success Provides an inspiration • Several Factors Give the Advantage to Prussia – More industrialized with modern weaponry and transportation • Has tremendous coal and iron deposits (Ruhr Valley) – Leaders of Zollverein, which excludes Austria and is economically successful • (this causes many of the smaller German states to want in for economic reasons) – Austria is distracted by Ottomans and Russia and Italians – Prussia has dynamic leaders • William I replaces Frederick William • Otto von Bismarck becomes German Chancellor… real power in Germany – Austria is multi-ethnic… Prussia isn’t Breech-loading Needle Gun -bullet is loaded here instead of in the muzzle -has a bolt to move the bullet into position -can fire 5 shots to 1 shot of other contemporary guns -can be loaded while lying down, unlike muzzle loaders Prussia Leadership Aims to Outmatch Austria • William I wanted to build up the military • blocked by the middle class German parliament – Why not called a Diet anymore? • Sics Otto von Bismarck on the Parliament – ‘illegal’ tax collection Otto von Bismarck • Junker • Conservative Nationalist – Elites should join with the mob to run the country at the expense of the middle class – Follows Napoleon III’s plan of giving social programs to the poor in exchange for conservative authority • Realpolitik – Politics/diplomacy based primarily on practical routes to greater power rather than on ideological/moral foundations – In other words, Bismarck is a modern day _________ – Basic strategy? • use secret alliances to isolate enemies • use nationalism, sparked by manufactured wars, to unite Germans under Prussian leadership Bismarck Quotes • Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made. • Politics is the art of the possible • They treat me like a fox, a cunning fellow of the first rank. But the truth is that with a gentleman I am always a gentleman and a half, and when I have to deal with a pirate, I try to be a pirate and a half. • The great issues of the day are not decided through speeches and majority resolutions — that was the great error of 1848 and 1849 — but through blood and iron. (a dismissal of liberal nationalism) Bismarck’s Success • Prussia from 5th to 1st Great European Power • raised taxes for Prussian army ‘illegally’ • Military Victories over Denmark, Austria, and France • Eventually wins over all social classes – How? – Success! Wars Lead to Unification- Denmark • Foolishly tires to claim Schleswig-Holstein (again) – Area that had been jointly ruled by German Confederation and Denmark • Austria and Prussia race to beat Denmark… each wants to demonstrate that they are the true defenders and leaders of the German people Austro-Prussian War • After beating Denmark, Bismarck manipulated arguments over running Schleswig-Holstein into an Austro-Prussian War – Won by Prussia in 7 weeks • Trains and needle guns – Generous peace treaty to Austria • Why? – As a result- Hungary manages to force a dual monarchy on Austria • Bismarck founds North German Confederation • Uses the popularity of his victory to add a house to the German Parliament elected by… you guessed it… – Universal male suffrage – Reichstag • Gets the middle class (now the upper) house of Parliament to retroactively accept his ‘illegal’ pre-war taxes – Middle Class has just traded _____________ for ___________ Prussia Versus France • Napoleon III had stayed out of the Austro-Prussia war because his central goal was to play Germany against itself (age-old French policy) and come out of it with maybe some territory for France, too – Kind of what he did in Italian struggle for independence, right? • However, Prussia wins too decisively -- becomes a threat to France – If Prussia grabs the South German states it will become a serious threat to France • Napoleon III- “If Bismarck incorporates the south German states into a unified Germany our guns will go off by themselves” Spark of Tension Between France and Prussia • An uprising in Spain leaves succession in doubt • to goad France, Bismarck maneuvers a Hohenzollern into position to get the throne – Bismarck is Machiavellian… his king doesn’t even know what Bismarck is doing • Why is this an impossible development for France? – Think geography. • Bismarck sees a war with France as a great opportunity – South German states are Catholic…are hesitant to join Bismarck’s nation – However, they do feel more German than French – Do you see the point, then, of a war. Ems Dispatch Story • Napoleon III sends an ambassador to ask William II to withdraw the Hohenzollern candidate from pursuing the Spanish throne – The ambassador is a bit careless- he publicly demands a promise from William II when the king is vacationing at a spa called Ems – William II is offended and refuses, even though he actually had already told the prospective king of Spain to withdraw – William II sends a telegram to Bismarck to tell him about the incident- his telegram is calm and diplomatic • Bismarck edits the telegram – He makes the French ambassador seem more belittling, offensive, and disrespectful – He makes William II’s dismissal of the French ambassador more belittling, offensive, and disrespectful – Then he sends this edited telegram to … • The French press • What is he doing? Unedited version His Majesty the King has written to me: Count Benedetti intercepted me on the promenade and ended by demanding of me in a very importunate manner that I should authorize him to telegraph at once that I bound myself in perpetuity never again to give my consent if the Hohenzollerns renewed their candidature. I rejected this demand somewhat sternly as it is neither right nor possible to undertake engagements of this kind [for ever and ever]. Naturally I told him that I had not yet received any news and since he had been better informed via Paris and Madrid than I was, he must surely see that my government was not concerned in the matter. [The King, on the advice of one of his ministers] decided in view of the above-mentioned demands not to receive Count Benedetti any more, but to have him informed by an adjutant that His Majesty had now received [from Leopold] confirmation of the news which Benedetti had already had from Paris and had nothing further to say to the ambassador. His Majesty suggests to Your Excellency that Benedetti's new demand and its rejection might well be communicated both to our ambassadors and to the Press. Bismarck's published, doctored version After the news of the renunciation of the Prince von Hohenzollern had been communicated to the Imperial French government by the Royal Spanish government, the French Ambassador in Ems made a further demand on His Majesty the King that he should authorize him to telegraph to Paris that His Majesty the King undertook for all time never again to give his assent should the Hohenzollerns once more take up their candidature. His Majesty the King thereupon refused to receive the Ambassador again and had the latter informed by the adjutant of the day that His Majesty had no further communication to make to the Ambassador. Franco-Prussian War • Prussians kick butt • Capture Napoleon III !!! • Parisians refuse to surrender, even without their emperor – Bismarck sieges and shells Paris • Important roots of war on civilian populations (see World Wars to come) – Parisian slaughter circus elephants for meat! • Harsh Treaty at the End of the War – Reparations – Loss of Alsace-Lorraine – Humiliating coronation in the Hall of Mirrors • Kaiser Wilhelm So many choices… What I really want is bear… but will he still see me as a lady? Far Reaching Importance of the Franco-Prussian War • French are pissed – Alsace and Lorraine didn’t want to be German • South German states join Northern Confederation… – Kaiser William – 2nd Reich (what was the 1st Reich?) • Germans are ‘drunk with success’ – Social Darwinism – Second Reich • What does this mean? • Why should this title be eerie? • Flight of the Valkyries/Wagner http://www.last.fm/music/Richard+Wagner/_/Flight+of+the+Valkyries • Humongous impact on French – Humiliation and anger – Paris Commune Hansen AP Euro Name ____________________ Italian and German Unification Note-Taking Guide) I. Obstacles to Italian Unification • No Italian _________________ • North is ______________, South is ____________ • Much of land Italy envisioned as part of Italy is held by ______________ and _____________________________ • What will be the central rallying point for Italian Nationalism – _______________________________? – _______________________________? – _______________________________? – What if Pope isn’t the unifying point? What to do about the Pope in ______________________? II. Obstacles Overcome • Cavour built a unified ________ (monarchical) _______________ – Had to ‘buy’ Napoleon III’s support with __________________ – Unification under Sardinia’s monarch _________________ • _________ unified Southern Italy under a _____________ (no monarch) • A fight between north and south appeared imminent, but __________ _______________________ and chose ___________________ over radical ideology • Provides a spur to ______________________________ III. German Unification Under Bismarck • Legacy of ___________ – Frederick William IV had failed to unify Germany under ________________ • Refused to take crown from ___________ (Frankfurt Parliament) • Was thwarted in his goal to receive crown from the elite by… – ________________________ – Why would they resist? __________________ • Prussia V Austria – Both want to be the leaders of __________________________ • Italy’s Success Provides _______________________ – Several Factors Gave the Advantage to Prussia • More _______________ with modern ______________ _______________________________ – Has tremendous _______________________ deposits (Ruhr Valley) • Leaders of _____________, which excludes Austria and is economically successful – (this causes many of the ___________________ to want in for __________________) – Austria was distracted by Ottomans and Russia and Italians – Prussia had _______________________________ • __________________ replaces Frederick William • • • • Otto von Bismarck became _______________… ______ ___________________ in Germany – Austria is _______________… Prussia ________ – Breech Loading Needle Gun - ___________________________ Prussian Leadership Aims to Outmatch Austria – William I wanted to build _________________________ – blocked by the _______________________________________ • Why not called a Diet anymore? – _____________________________on the Parliament • ‘illegal’ tax collection - __________________________ Otto von Bismarck – _________________ – Conservative Nationalist • ____________ should _______________________ to run the country at the expense of the middle class • Follows _________________ of giving ___________ to the poor in exchange for conservative authority – _________________________ • Politics/diplomacy based primarily on _____________to greater power rather than on ideological/moral foundations • In other words, Bismarck is a modern day _________ • Basic strategy? – ______________________________________ – use nationalism, sparked by _____________, to unite Germans under Prussian leadership – “The great issues of the day are not decided through speeches and majority resolutions — that was the great error of 1848 and 1849 — but through __________________. (a dismissal of _______________________________) Bismarck’s Success – Prussia from ________________________________________ – raised taxes for Prussian army _________________ – Military Victories over _____________________________ – • • • • Eventually wins over all social classes • How? ______________ Wars Lead to Unification- Denmark – Foolishly tires to claim _________________ (again) • Area that had been jointly ruled by German Confederation and Denmark – Austria and Prussia _______________ … each wants to demonstrate that they are the _____________ of the German people Austro-Prussian War – After beating Denmark, Bismarck manipulated arguments over running Schleswig-Holstein into an Austro-Prussian War • Won by Prussia in ________________ – ___________and needle guns • Generous peace treaty to Austria – Why? ___________________________________ • As a result- Hungary manages to force a ___________ on Austria – Bismarck founded ______________________________________ – Uses the popularity of his victory to add a house to the German Parliament elected by… you guessed it… • ______________________________ • ______________________________ – Gets the middle class (now the upper) house of Parliament to ____________________________ his ‘illegal’ pre-war taxes • Middle Class has just traded _____________ for ___________ Prussia Versus France – Napoleon III had stayed out of the Austro-Prussia war because his central goal was _______________________________ (age-old French policy) and come out of it with maybe _____ for France, too • Kind of what he did in Italian struggle for independence, right? – However, Prussia wins too decisively -- becomes _____________ • If Prussia grabs the ____________________it will become a serious threat to France – Napoleon III- “If Bismarck incorporates the south German states into a unified Germany our guns will _____________________” Spark of Tension Between Prussia and France – An ___________________________________________________ – to goad France, Bismarck maneuvers ______________________ to get the throne • Bismarck is Machiavellian… _____________________ what Bismarck is doing – Why is this an impossible development for France? • __________________________ – • • • Bismarck sees a war with France as a great opportunity • South German states _______________________ _____________________________ Bismarck’s nation • However, they do feel more _______________________ • Do you see the point, ____________________? Ems Dispatch – Napoleon III sent an ambassador to ask William II to withdraw the Hohenzollern candidate from pursuing the Spanish throne • The ambassador was ___________________________ a promise from William II when the king is vacationing at a _________________________________ • William II was ____________, even though he actually had already told the prospective king of Spain ________ • William II sends a telegram to Bismarck to tell him about the incident- his telegram was _____________________ – Bismarck ____________________________________ • He made the French ambassador seem more __________ ______________________________________________ • He made ____________________________________ ambassador more belittling, offensive, and disrespectful • Then he sends this edited telegram to … – ___________________________ – What is he doing? _____________________________________ Franco Prussian War – Prussians _____________ – ____________________________ !!! – Parisians refuse to surrender, even without their emperor • ________________________________________ – Important roots of war on _____________ (see World Wars to come) • Parisian slaughter ___________________________! – _________________ at the End of the War • _______________________• Loss of _____________________________ • Humiliating coronation in the Hall of Mirrors – ___________________ Far Reaching Importance of Franco-Prussian War – French are pissed • ___________________ didn’t want to be German – South German states join Northern Confederation… • Kaiser William • _____________ (what was the 1st Reich?) - _______________ ____________________________________ – Germans were ________________________ • __________________________ • Second Reich – What does this mean? _______________________________ – Why should this title be eerie? _________________________ – Flight of the Valkyries/Wagner Humongous impact on French