Transcript The Industrial Revolution Section 1 – 362-365

The Industrial Revolution
Section 1 – 362-365
• By the mid 1700s the way that goods were produced in Great
Britain began to change.
– People wanted manufactured goods b/c:
• They were cheaper.
• They were easier and quicker to get.
– Machines replaced many artisans b/c they worked
faster and for longer periods of time.
• Because of the increased demand for goods the First
Industrial Revolution was born.
– The 1st I.R. = the rapid growth in the use of
machines for manufacturing and production.
The Industrial Revolution
• Textile manufacturing was the first product to be affected by
the I.R.
– Two British inventions used to increase textile production
were:
• Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame = both were used
to increase thread production.
– The water frame became the primary method of textile
production.
» It required a power source, so merchants built waterpowered mills to accommodate those machines.
The Industrial Revolution
• The British Parliament made it illegal for skilled mill
mechanics or mill building plans to leave Great Britain.
– They wanted to keep G.B. ahead of other countries in the
I.R.
– Samuel Slater – mill mechanic, disguised himself as a
farmer and sailed for America in 1789.
• He had memorized the designs for textile mill machines
and built his first spinning mill in Pawtucket R.I. in the
early 1790s.
– His work set the standard that others would follow
and soon textile mills began to sprout up all over
New England.
Mass Production
• In 1798 Eli Whitney created a new form of mass
production using interchangeable parts.
– With interchangeable parts, each part of a product is produced
exactly the same so that a product can be built quicker.
– This method of production would be used to mass produce
firearms, thus making them cheaper and more readily available.
Mass Production
• American manufacturing grew slowly in the early 1800s until:
– The Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812.
• These events prevented Americans from buying British
goods.
– American manufacturing then began to greatly
expand in response to the increased need for
domestic goods.
– By the 1830s the I.R. was fully underway in the U.S. by the
late 1830s, and the U.S.’ dependence on foreign good
diminished.
• As the I.R. progressed, many mills were built or converted to
steam power.
– The need to have mills located by swiftly moving rivers was
no longer necessary.
Factory Workers
• Two “systems” developed in mass production/mills.
– Rhode Island system: Samuel Slater’s approach in hiring
entire families (including children) to work in the mill.
Everyone would be assigned particular tasks and the mill’s
costs could be kept low.
– Lowell system:
• Francis Cabot Lowell created a mill that created thread
and wove it into cloth all under one roof. Slater’s mills
only created thread.
• Many young, unmarried women worked in Lowell’s
New England mills = Lowell Girls.
Factory Workers
• Lowell mill work schedule
• Lowell Girls “Offering”
– A collection of poems, short stories, informative essays and other
writings produced by the Lowell Mill’s female employees.
Factory Workers
• As factories became more common, so did:
– Accidents b/c of dangerous machinery.
– Longer work days.
– Artisans and skilled workers having to compete with
factory production = longer work days.
• Artisans and skilled workers began forming trade
unions = organizations with members of a particular
trade.
– The purpose of the unions was to improve working
conditions, increase wages, and decrease hours.
– When employers didn’t meet the unions demands,
the union members would go on strike = a group of
employees that refuses to work.
The Transportation Revolution
Section 2 – 366-371
• During the early 1800s the U.S. experienced a period of
rapid growth and improvements in transportation =
Transportation Revolution.
– New inventions and the use of steam as a power
source helped to create and continue the T.R.
• Water travel was the first method of
transportation to be affected by new technology.
– In 1807, Robert Fulton successfully navigated
his steamboat the Clermont up the Hudson
River.
The Transportation Revolution
• By the 1840s, more than 500 steamboats were navigating
the Mississippi River
– They were flat-bottomed, shallow draft boats that
were propelled by one or more large paddle wheels.
– A trip from Pittsburgh to New Orleans took two weeks
as opposed to the usual five weeks on a conventional
sailing vessel.
The Transportation Revolution
• Steam powered locomotives became popular in the U.S.
in the 1830s.
– American inventor, Peter Cooper designed and built one of the
earliest locomotives = Tom Thumb.
• By 1840 there was 2,800 miles of track .
• By 1860 = 30,000 miles
Gibbons v. Ogden
• Steamboats were quickly outfitted to carry manufactured
goods as well as being used for human transportation.
– The growth of this shipping industry led to the first
Supreme Court ruling in interstate commerce (business
and trade between states).
• Thomas Gibbons held a federal license to operate his
steamboats between NJ and NY.
– He didn’t have a license to travel in NY waters.
• Aaron Ogden had a NY state license and therefore had a
monopoly on transportation in NY waters.
– Ogden sued Gibbons for infringing on his business
territory.
» Ogden won and Gibbons appealed the case which
eventually went to the Supreme Court.
Gibbons v. Ogden
• The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons b/c they
said he had the right to operate in NY b/c his business
crossed state lines.
– The Court explained that federal law overruled state
law b/c the Constitution gave only Congress the
power to regulate interstate commerce.
• Therefore, Gibbons’ federal license had priority
over Ogden’s state license.
Communication by Wire
• Because of the industrial and transportation revolutions, there
needed to be a faster way to communicate.
– In 1832 Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, and the
code that is known as Morse Code.
• A telegraph operator would tap a key that would
complete an electrical circuit.
– The taps represented a series of dots and dashes
that coincided with letters and numbers.
– An operator on the other end of the line would write
the dot/dash code down on paper and then
translate it into understandable language.
Communication by Wire
• In 1844 Morse sent the first long distance message over wire.
– The first message : “What hath God wrought?” was sent
from the Capitol in Washington DC to Baltimore MD, a
distance of about 40 miles.
• By the 1850s, telegraph companies had strung thousands of
miles of telegraph wire along rail lines.
– Info. for the government, newspapers, businesses, and
private citizens was sent over those wires.
• In 1861 the first transcontinental line was completed.
Agricultural Improvements
• As industry, transportation, and communication grew, people
moved further west and began to settle and farm the land they
settled on.
– The thick rich soil of the Midwest was difficult to plow with
the iron-bladed plows of that time.
• In 1837 John Deere a blacksmith, created a new steel
plow.
– The design and hardness of the steel helped Deere’s
plow to be an immediate success.
» By 1846 John Deere was selling 1,000 plows a
year.
Agricultural Improvements
• In 1830 it took 20 hours to harvest an acre of wheat.
• While John Deere was hard at work creating implements that
broke the soil, Cyrus McCormick was developing a
mechanical reaper that could harvest wheat much quicker
than swinging a scythe.
– By 1850, McCormick’s Chicago-based steam-powered
factory was mass producing reapers.
– Mechanical reapers could harvest an acre of wheat in one
hour.
Home Technology
• Inventions that helped to make life at home easier also came
about during the I.R.
– In the early 1850s, Isaac Singer improved on an early
mechanical sewing machine and created the predecessor to
the sewing machine of today.
• Sewing machines became a symbol of wealth.
• Many women purchased sewing machines so that they
could make a living by sewing clothing.
Home Technology
• By the 1830s the first forms of refrigeration became available.
– Iceboxes are the predecessor to the modern refrigerator.
• An insulated wooden box would hold a large block of ice in
one section and food in the other sections.
• Also available in the 1800s was the indoor water pump.
– Now the kitchen sink could have a fresh water source piped
directly to it instead of having to go outside with pails to get
water at an outdoor pump.
Southern Agriculture
Section 3 – 372-376
• Southern agriculture originally consisted of three major
products:
– Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo
• Starting around 1790, cotton also became one of the South’s cash
crops.
– As the demand for cotton increased, so did the demand for
slave labor.
• Unfortunately separating the cotton from its sticky seeds
was difficult. A slave could only process about a pound of
cotton each day.
– In 1793 Eli Whitney developed the Cotton Gin = a handcranked mechanical device that separated the seeds from
the cotton. A slave could then process 10x as much cotton
each day
– By 1820 cotton had transformed southern agriculture, and
the southern economy boomed because of northern and
European demand.
The Cotton Boom
• Whitney’s cotton gin caused farmers to search for more
land to grow cotton instead of other traditional Southern
crops.
– These farmers settled in an area of the U.S. that is known as the
Cotton Belt.
• South Carolina to East Texas
The Cotton Boom
• Throughout the South there was a drive to improve crop
production through scientific agriculture.
– If crops, such as cotton are planted year after year in
the same area, the crops tend to deplete the soil of
nutrients.
• In response, scientists encouraged farmers to
rotate their crops so that the soil in a particular
field would have a chance to renew its nutrients.
The Cotton Boom
• As the agricultural industry began to boom, the South
became a global trading power.
– To meet the demand, southern farmers revived the
faltering slave trade, and slavery flourished.
– Port cities such as Charleston, Savannah, and New
Orleans grew to meet the overseas demand for
Southern U.S. agricultural products.
The Cotton Boom
• As agriculture and cotton dominated the South’s
economy, industry grew at a very slow rate.
– Lumber mills and iron works were able to flourish b/c
of a need for building materials and iron implements.
• By 1860, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond,
VA was a factory that became one of the largest
producers of iron products.
Southern Society
• Only about 10% of Southern families lived on plantations and
had 20+ slaves. Even still they:
– Served as political leaders and had a huge amount of
economic power.
• The husband on a plantation was known as the planter and
focused on raising and selling crops.
• The wife managed the household, oversaw the children’s
education and oversaw the household slaves.
• These marriages were often arranged for business or political
reasons.
Southern Society
• Most white southerners owned small farms and were called
yeomen farmers.
– They worked long days and tended to every aspect of the
farm and home. They didn’t have slaves.
• Some white people were very poor and survived by hunting,
fishing, and living off the land. They didn’t own property that
was suitable for farming.
Slaves and Work
Section 4 – 377-381
• On small farms, slaves worked at many different tasks.
• On plantations, slaves usually worked on one specific task.
– An overseer was a white person who oversaw the slaves’
day-to-day activities and carried out punishments.
– A slave foreman was usually a slave that was given some
authority to control slaves and worked with the overseer.
– On most plantations, owners used the gang labor system =
all slaves worked on the same task at the same time.
• This work went from sunup to sundown, regardless of
weather or sickness.
Slaves and Work
• Generally men, women, and children over the age of 10 did the
same work.
– In addition to field and farm work, some slaves worked as:
• butlers, cooks, nurses, carpenters, and blacksmiths
– Some plantation owners allowed their slaves to hire out
their services during the very limited amount of free time
that they had.
• Some slaves earned enough money to buy freedom for
themselves and the family.
Slave Culture
• Slaves had very difficult lives, still they tried to preserve the
most important part of the existence which was the families.
– Sometimes families would be separated during an auction,
but often times they would remain intact.
Slave Culture
• Slave passed down family histories as well as African
customs and traditions by telling folktales.
– These folktales often taught a moral and lessons about
how to live under slavery.
• Folktales often had animal characters that would
outsmart slave owners.
Slave Culture
• Religion played an important part in slave culture.
– Many believed that according to the Bible God would
eventually deliver them from slavery as he had the Jews
from Egypt.
– Slaves sang spirituals as a way of expressing their religious
beliefs.
• Spirituals are songs of sorrow that blend African and
European traditions.
Challenging Slavery
• Slaves rebelled against the slave system on a daily basis by doing
things such as:
– Working slowly
– Running Away
• Harriet Tubman and the Underground R.R.
– Intentionally breaking equipment
– Feigning illness
– Violent rebellions
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion
– In 1831, escaped slave Nat Turner led a violent uprising
in which 60 white people and 100 slaves were killed.
» Turner was captured and executed later that year.
• Despite rebelling, slavery continued to grow in the American South
Chapter 12
• All information for this PowerPoint was
taken from “Call to Freedom” – Holt, 2005