Transcript Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

CHAPTER 7
User Interface and Decision
Visualization Application
7.1 User Interface: An overview
Like other computer application, the design of an
appropriate of MSS user interface could be most import
determinant of success of the MSS implementation. Why?
User is limited computer experience.
To many users, the user interface is a system, for example,
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MSS executive time
Learning time
Ease of recall
Versatility
Error made by end-users
Quality of help provided
adaptability of changes
Concentration level required by end-user
Fatigue from using the system
Uniformity
Funny
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7.1 User Interface: An overview
The user interface is
– The hardware and software that facilitate
communication and interaction between the user and the
computer.
– User interfaces are a subset of the field called humancomputer interaction, which is the study of people,
computer technology, and the ways these interacts.
– The interface includes responses and involves an
exchange of graphic, acoustic, tactile, and other means
of communication
– The user interface may be thought of as a surface
through which data are passed back and forth between
user and computer.
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7.1 User Interface: An overview
Knowledge
Task
Interpret the
display
Presentation
Language
Generate the
display
Process the
content
Application
Processing
Plan and take
action
Interpret the user
input
Action
User
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Language
System
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7.1 User Interface: An overview
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Physical device includes
– Input device: mouse, microphone, keyboard, etc.
– Output device: monitor, speaker.
Display data provide a context for interaction and give
cues for action by the user (assuming the user knows
how to interpret what is displayed)
The user formulates a response and takes an action.
Data then passes back to the computer through the
interface.
The cyclic process shown in figure consists of following
elements:
– Knowledge is the information the user must have to
communicate with the computer. It may be user’s
expertise.
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7.1 User Interface: An overview
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Dialog is an observable series of interchange or
interactions between the user and the computer
Action Language takes various forms, ranging from
selection an item from the menu to answering a
question, moving window,or typing a command etc.
Computer interprets the user’s action (input), executes
a task and generates a display.
Presentation Language is the information displayed to
the user via output devices. These information can
displayed in menu, windows, or text. It can be static or
dynamic, numeric or symbolic.
User’s action is the user interprets the display,
processes the content, and plans an action.
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7.1 User Interface: An overview
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Provide an effective interface is a complex task due to
technological, psychological, physical, and other
influencing factors. The following are some important
issues in building a user interface:
– Choice of input and output device
– Screen design
– Human-machine interaction sequence
– Use of colors and shading
– Information density
– Use of icons and symbols (especially important in OO)
– Information display format
The User Interface Management System
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7.1 User Interface: An overview
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The User Interface Management System
– UIMS accommodates the various information
representations identified during the requirements
specification portion of the CBIS design phase. Also
accommodates the action languages that enable the user
to manage the computer inputs and outputs in the form
of dialog or process.
– The UIMS provides an interface between the system
user and the rest of the system. There is much interests
in the subject of human-computer interfaces.
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7.2 Interface Modes (Styles)
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The combination of presentation and the action
language is called an Interface (or interactive ) Mode.
– Determine how information is entered and displayed
– Determine the ease and simplify of learning and using
the system
– Styles: Menu interaction, command language, question
and answers, form interaction, natural language
processing, and graphics user interface.
Menu Interaction
– The user selects an item from a list of possible choice
for the function to be performed. The choice is made by
input device
– Menu appears in a logical order, starting with a main
menu and going to submenu. Menu items can include
command that appear in separate submenus or in the
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7.2 Interface Modes (Styles)
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menus with non-command items.
– Menu can become tedious and time-consuming when
complex situations are analyzed because it may take
several menus to build or use a system and the user must
shift back and forth among the menus.
– Pull-Down Menu
– A pull-down menu is a submenu that appears as a
superimposed drop-down menu o the screen, usually as
a submenu of main menu
– Pop-up Menu, more quick and direct ways. Often used
to perform a property setting, and communicate with the
system.
Command Language: input a command such as run or
plot. Some commands can be executed by a function keys.
Macro is also simplifying style.
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7.2 Interface Modes (Styles)
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Form Interaction, user enters data or commands into
designated spaces (fields) forms, The headings of the
form serve as a prompts for the input.
Natural Language: A human-computer interaction that
is similar to a human-human dialog is called natural
language. Today, NL is done mainly via keyboard. It
hopes using voice for input and output in future.
Graphic User Interface: In this style, objects, usually
represented as icons (or symbol), are directly
manipulated by the user. For example, the user can point
the mouse or the cursor at the icon and use a command
to move it.
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7.2 Interface Modes (Styles)
Comparison of interface Modes
Fill in the
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blanks
Dimension interaction (forms)
Command
Language
Speed
Accuracy
Training time
User's
preference
Slow at times Moderate
Error free
Moderate
Short
Moderate
Very high
Power
Flexibility
Control
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GUI
Questions
and anwsers
Could be Slow
Error free
Short
Slow at times
Moderate
Short
Low
Fast
Many errors
Long
Prefer, if
trained (only)
High
High
Low
Limited
Low
Very limited
Very high
Very high
The system
The system
The user
Moderate to high Moderate
Moderate to high high
the system and the
user
The system
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7.2 Interface Modes (Styles)
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Questions and Answers: this mode begins with the
computer asking the user a question. The user answer
the question with a phase or a sentence (or by selecting
an item from a menu). The computer may prompt the
user for clarification or additional input. In certain
application, the sequence of questioning may be
reversed. The user asks a question and computer gives
an answer. In some expert system, for example, instead
of being asked to answer one question at a time, the user
is asked to answer several questions at once. (K-version
expert system)
Several studies have been conducted to determine the
efficiency and accuracy of the various interface modes.
See table
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7.2 Interface Modes (Styles)
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Hybrid Modes
Interface modes can be combined to provide improved
functionality and quality.According to Sanker et
al.[1995], the cost of a DSS interface can run as high as
60 to 70 percent of the total cost of building a DSS. It is
important that the interface be adaptable to different
user’s needs and communicate consistent commands to
the internal components of the DSS.
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Sanker et al.[Jan. 1995],A DSS User Interface Model to
Provide Consistency and Adoptibility.” Decision
Support Systems.
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7.3 Graphics
Graphics enables the presentation of information in a way
that more clearly conveys the meaning of data and permits
users to visualize relationships. The value of charts and
graphs in the communication of numeric data has long been
recognized
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Graphics Software
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Aims to present visual images of information
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Graph or charts formed from numeric data or text and
symbol.
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Many software provide both graph and chart
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Integrated software allows users to create graphic output
directly from database or worksheet.
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Standalone graphics package are usually more powerful
than the integrated ones.
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7.3 Graphics
Harvard Graphics, PowerPoint, SAS Graph, Lotus
Freelance, DrawPerfect, Tell-a-Graph.
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New concept in 3-D graphics and Virtual Reality will be
enabling the managers to visualize problems and solution in
more effective ways.
The role of Computer Graphics
Graphics is especially important for business problem
solving and decision making because they help
managers visualize data, relationship, and summaries.
A wide variety of graphics forms can be generated by
computers.
See figure 7.2
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7.3 Graphics
Computer Graphics in MSS
Reports
Model Base and Its
Management
Database
And its
Management
Quantitative Models and
Building Blocks
Electronic Spreadsheet
and other Generators
Computer
Graphics
Other Management
Support Software
user
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7.3 Graphics
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Types of Computer Graphics
– Text plays a critical role in graphics, listing points that
the speaker is discussing, showing subject titles,
identifying components and values of a chart, and so on.
– Time-series chart can be value of one or more variables
over time
– Bar and pie chart can be used to show total values (by
the size of the bar or pie), as well as component values,
such as breakdowns of, say, “source of money received”
– Scatter diagrams show the relationship between two
variables, such as the number of air travelers who fly on
Mondays, Tuesdays, and so on.
– Maps can be two- or three-dimensional. Twodimensional maps are useful for showing spatial
relationships, such as the locations of customers and the
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7.3 Graphics (continue)
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locations of a company’s customer service facilities.
Three-Dimensional maps show surface contours with a
three-D effect.
Layouts of rooms, buildings, or shopping centers convey
much information in simple diagrams.
Hierarchy charts, such as organizational charts, are
widely used.
Sequence charts, such as flowcharts, show the necessary
sequence of events, and which activities can be done in
parallel.
Motion graphics, such as motion pictures, and
television, clearly will continue to perform vital function
Desktop publishing systems that have extensive graphics
capabilities.
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
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A User interface can be enriched with multimedia. There is
an increasing trend to use multimedia in DSS. Computerized
systems employ several multimedia technologies as
presentation devices. Multimedia can also be an integral part
of information processing and decision making.
Multimedia refers to a pool of human-machine
communication media, some of which can be combined in
one application (see table). In information technology, the
basic idea behind an interactive multimedia approach is the
use of computers to improve human-machine
communication by using several items of the media pool
with the computerized system at the center of the
application. Such integration allows the combination of the
strengths of sound, text, graphics, and other media. One
class of multimedia is called hypermedia. New, threedimensional standards have been adopted with the Virtual
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
Human-machine communication media:
Computer
Projected still visuals
CRT and terminals
Slide
CD_ROM
Overhead
Computer interactive videodisk
Digital video interactive
Graphics materials
Compact disc interactive
Pictures
Cimputer simulation
Printed job aids
Teletext/videotext
Visual display
Intelligent tutoring system
Hypertext
Audio
Imaging digitizing
Tape/cassette/record
Scanners
Teleconference/audioconference
Screen projection
Microphone
Object-oriented programming
Sound digitizing
Compact disc
Motion image
Music
Video disc (cassette)
Motion picture
Broadcast television
Text
Teleconference/videoconference
Animation
Virtual Reality
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
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Reality Markup Language (VRML) for web delivery.
One new area of multimedia is that of training. The ability
to manage and manipulate multimedia data along with
inexpensive Web browsers makes multimedia-based
training an alternatives to live classrooms.
Multimedia DSS
There is a growing trend to include multimedia data type
directly in DSS and expert systems as database support
their storage, retrieval, and manipulation. For example, the
Windows-based expert system shell K-version supports the
use of multimedia objects directly while running an
application.This is especially useful in diagnosis expert
system applications, where a photograph, diagram, or video
clip can describe how one can repair a broken device. Also,
sound maybe used. Instead of the system asking the user
whether he or she hears a loud, clicking sound, K-version
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
can play a sound directly. In the same way, a multimedia
DSS can be designed to handle any decision-making
problem that requires multimedia data to assist the decision
makers. Because most database vendors are providing
multimedia capabilities and Web hooks for Internet and
intranet delivery of data, more multimedia will be
incorporated in DSS in the future.
 Hypermedia
Hypermedia describes documents that could contain several
types of media, which allow information to be linked by
association. Hypermedia may contain several layers of
information, such as
– A menu-based natural language interface to provide a
simple and transparent way for users to run the system
and query it.
– An object-oriented database that permits concurrent
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data structure
7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
A relational query interface that can efficiency support
complex queries
– A hypermedia abstract machine that lets users link
different types of information
– Media editors that provide ways to view and edit text,
graphics, images, and voice.
– A change management virtual memory to manage
temporary versions, configurations, and transformations
of design entities.
By adding control structures to hypermedia systems, it is
possible to enhance MSS applications. It is especially
effective in searching for specific information.
Two classes of hypermedia:
– As a presentation tool used for knowledge and data
navigation.
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
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Active participation in research to help record, organize,
and integrate information and processes. The essence of
role is the support of intelligent research management
and information synthesis.
Hypertext is an approach for handling text and graphic
information that allows the users to jump from a given
topic, whenever they wish, to related ideas. Reading or
viewing of information thus becomes open ended and
controlled by the user.
• Hypertext allows users to access information in a
nonlinear fashion by following a train of thought.
• It lets the reader control the level of details and the
type of information displayed.
• It allows a quick search according to the reader’s
interest
• Hypertext is still in its development stages to
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
Improve the users interest in DSS as well as to enhance
the capabilities of the decision maker.
– Hypertext has been integrated with expert system in
improve the transfer the knowledge. Because both of
them have this objective. Such integration enables a
powerful knowledge representation including easy
access to colors, windows, and mouse control. Effective
communication takes place between expert and novice,
teacher and pupil, consultant and manager.
Multimedia, hypermedia, the Web and the Objectoriented Approach
– As database management system are evolving into
object-oriented systems, where is a growing trend
toward managing objects within the database. These
objects may be any of a number of multimedia data
types, and contain hypermedia documents.
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
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The individual GUI icons are characterized as standard
objects that are used for interaction with users. The
details of the programs that describe the objects are
encapsulated, or hidden from the user. All the user sees
is what appears on the screen, such as button or
checkbox. OO languages have evolved to handle the
more complex but useful properties of the GUI objects
and vice versus. Standardization of the characteristics of
the objects is beneficial to system designers, especially
in the creation of reusable code and repositories of
objects.
Visual programming is another aspects of the objectoriented approach. Visual Basic, Visual C++, and other
visual programming systems do not really provide for
the level of encapsulation that the object-oriented
approach demands.
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
Because the database vendors support the delivery of
data to Web browsers, a number of multimedia,
hypermedia object-oriented applications have been
deployed via the Internet and intranet.. These include
KnowledgeWave (GINESYS. Corp.), help desk
software and GTE Superpages, an online business
yellow pages based on an object database, front-ending
legacy systems with Web browsers and optimization of
network traffic for the Web.
Electronic Document Management and Decision
Making
There are several major problems with paper documents,
including document maintenance: Does everyone have
the current version? How often does it need to be
updated? How can the distribution of documents to the
appropriate individuals in a timely manner be
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7.4 Multimedia and Hypermedia
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Managed? If documents in electronic form are provided
by a single repository (typically a Web browser), only
the current version need be provided. Access can be
restricted as is required. For example, many firms
maintain their telephone directories in electronic form to
eliminated hard-copy distribution and constant
correction and redistribution. Essentially, electronic
document management (EDM) systems provide
information to decision makers in a usable format, much
like an executive information systems. The Thomas
Book Company uses a PC-based document management
system to handle refund travel applications. It has
automated the workflow process process and helped the
firm double its volume of business while only increasing
about 33% more staff.
Representative EDM products include CyberDocs and
Docs Open. (PC Doc Corp. http://www.pcdocs.com)
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7.5 Virtual Reality
Electronic Publishing Management System (EPMS,
Dataware Technologies Inc. Htpp://www.dataware.com)
and Enterprise Document Management System
(EDMS), etc.
3-D presentation
Increasing trend of 3-D user interface application today.
Particular in manufacturing and marketing
environments. Because it provides a rich opportunities
for powerful interactions that use the mind’s natural
experiences in spatial perception. The advantages of 3-D
interface is that 3-D allows for more impressive, and the
possibility for use of colors is greater. Disadvantages are
difficult to implement and expensive.
Most interest fields in 3-D is Virtual Reality (VR)
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7.5 Virtual Reality
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Overview of Virtual Reality
With VR, instead of looking at a flat computer screen, the
user interacts with 3-D computer-generated environment.
To interact with control objects or move around, the user
wears a computerized behavior-transducing head-coupled
display (headset) and hand position sensor (gloves). VR
displays achieve the illusion of a surrounding medium by
updating the display in real time. The user can grasp and
move virtual objects. VR is available in some games and in
limited commercial applications.
Virtual Reality and Decision Making
Most VR application to date are used to support decision
making indirectly. For example, Boeing developed a virtual
aircraft mockup to test designs. Several other VR
applications for assisting in manufacturing and for
converting military technology to civilian are being used at
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7.5 Virtual Reality
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being used at Boeing. At Volvo, VR is used to test virtual
cars in virtual accidents: they also use VR in the design
process. Another VR application area is data visualization.
Decision makers are faced with an ever-increasing amount
of information. VR can help financial decision makers form
a better sense of their data by using visual, spatial, and
aural immersion virtual systems. For example, some stock
brokerages have a VR application in which users surf over
a landscape of stock futures, with color, hue, and intensity
indicating deviation from current share prices. Sound is
used to convey other information, such as current trends or
the debt/equity ratio.
Virtual Reality and Web
A platform independent standard for VR called Virtual
Reality Markup Language (VRML) makes navigation
through online supermarket and museums as easy as
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7.5 Virtual Reality
interacting with textual information. VRML allows the
creation of objects that are rendered as a Web user “walks”
through a virtual room.A user can click on an object to view
it. At the moment, regular browser (such as Netscape,
Explorer) can be used, but VRML browser will soon be in
wide circulation. Special VRML tools allows the user and
objects to move and interactively from the real sales
associates.
Virtual shopping in supermarkets could help the sluggish current
interest in home grocery shopping. In the future, shoppers will
enter a virtual supermarket, walk through the virtual aisles,
take virtual products, and put them in the virtual cart. This
could help in removing some of resistance to virtual shopping.
Virtual malls are designed to give the user the feeling of
walking in a shopping mall.
VR is just beginning to move to decision making. 3-D world on
the Web will become popular because they make data more
accessible.
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7.5 Virtual Reality
Examples of Virtual Reality Applications
Industry
Automative/heavy equipment/military
Medicine
Research/education
Amusement
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Applications
Design testing
Virtual Prototyping
Engineeing Analysis
Ergonomic analysis
Virtual Simulation of Assembling,
production, and maintenance
Training
Training surgeons (with simulator)
Surgery
Physical therapy
Virtual physical Lab
Hurricane studies
Galaxy configuration
Rrepresentation of complex math
Virtual museums
3-D race car games
Air combat simulation (on PC)
Virtual reality arcades
Virtual reality parks
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7.6 Geographic Information System
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Overview
A GIS is a computer-based system for capturing, storing,
checking, integrating, manipulating, and displaying data
using digitized maps. GIS’s most distinguishing
characteristic is that every record or digital object has an
identified location. By integrating maps with spatially
oriented database (called “geocoding”), users can increase
their productivity and the quality of their decisions. GIS can
provide access to types of information not otherwise
available. Maplike information is used by thousands of
organizations.
GIS software
GIS software varies in capabilities from single
computerized mapping systems to enterprise-wide DSS
tools for decision support data analysis. Clearly, a highquality graphic display and fast computation and search
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7.6 Geographic Information System
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speeds are necessary, so most early GIS implementations
were developed for mainframes and later for Unix
Workstations. Since the early 1990s, however, powerful PC
and Macintosh implementations have been developed. Many
early GIS developments were at universities and
government and military agencies. These organizations
continue to provide advances in the field and in many cases
provides low-cost or free GIS software that is fully
functional.
GIS data
GIS data may be developed in-house or purchased. GIS data
are available from a wide variety of sources. Government
sources (via the Internet or CD-ROM) provide some data,
and vendors also provide data (CD-ROMs from MapInfo.
Troy, NY; FirstMap form Wessex Inc. Winnetka.IL).
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7.6 Geographic Information System
GIS and Decision Making
In 1960s, high cost, prohibited to use
Now, inexpensive, widely used.
The application fields:
– Dispatch of emergency vehicles.
– Transit management
– Facility site selection
– Wildlife management
 For many companies, the intelligent organization of
information within a GIS can provide a framework to
support the process of making decisions and designing
alternative strategies. Popular applications include political
campaign support, consumer marketing and sales supports,
sales and territory analysis, site selection, fleet
management, route planning, disaster planning, and
regulatoryAllcompliance.
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
7.6 Geographic Information System
Success of GIS is highly dependent on good information.
GIS are providing to be a significant tactical tool for
identifying product niches by geography facilities
presentations, improving comprehension, identifying
logistical problems, and developing marketing strategies.
 For a decision maker to learn more about GIS and whether
it can be an effective tool in an organization, the
conventional wisdom is try out of low-cost or free software
to gain a sense of its true capabilities. Then, survey the
software on the market to identify the GIS that can handle
the requisite decision making situations.
 GIS and the Web
Most major business application software vendors are
providing Web access (such as embedded browser) or Web
server hooks directly into their software. These application
include database (enterprise-wide and personal),
spreadsheet,
andReserved,
word Zhong
processing
software.
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7.6 Geographic Information System
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applies to GIS. For example, ESRI inc.’s MapObjects
Internet mapping server allows users can access dynamics
maps and data via the Internet or a corporate intranet.
MapInfo also released its mapping suite for online
applications. MapInfo’s ProServer software runs over the
Internet and intranets, much like most database software
development systems.
Number of firms are deploying GIS on the internal use or
for use by their customers. For example, Visa Plus, which
operates a network of Automated Teller Machines, has
developed a GIS application that lets Internet users call up a
locator map for any of the company’s 257,000 ATM
machines worldwide.
As GIS Web server software is deployed by vendors, more
applications will be developed.
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7.6 Geographic Information System
Emerging GIS Application
– Technology of GIS is stable, the number of suppliers of
GIS software and the number of databases are
increasing, and there are sound support groups and
practices and a wide variety of aftermarket providers.
Prices for hardware and software are dropping and the
capabilities are increasing dramatically. More low-cost
desktop applications over client/server systems will be
deployed. More analytical tools will be incorporated
into GIS as spatial data and multimedia databases
becomes more widespread.
– The integration of GIS and global positioning satellites
(GPS) will transforming the aviation and shipping
industries. It enables vehicles or aircraft equipped with a
GPS receiver to pinpoint their locations as they move.
Emerging application of GPS include personal
automobile
mapping systems,
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7.6 Geographic Information System
railroad car tracking, and earth-moving equipment tracking.
Now the price is rather high , but it is dropping with
improvement in hardware, increased demand, and more
vendors. Also, GPS has become a major source of new GIS
data.
– Some researchers have developed intelligent GIS that
link a GIS to an expert system such as application in
irrigation scheduling and forest pest management.
– Improvement in the GIS user interface have
substantially altered the GIS look and feel. Advanced
visualization and computer graphics will be increasingly
integrated with GIS capabilities, especially animated
and interactive maps. GIS will be able to provide
information for virtual reality engines, and to use such
standards to display information to decision makers.
Object-oriented programming and database are likely to
improve
GIS. Multimedia and Hypermedia will will 6-41
Fall, 2007
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7.7 Natural Language Processing
play a growing role in GIS, especially in help and
training systems. Object linking and embedding (OLE)
will allow users import maps into any document. More
GIS will be deployed to provide data and access data
over the WWW and organizational intranets as Webready GIS software becomes available.
Natural Language Processing (concept).
– Procedural Language (program):
–

•
•
–
Explicit instructions and
Procedure
NLP: understanding
•
•
Human statement and/or
Translate it into a program
Currently, two major techniques: Key word search (pattern
matching) and language processing (syntactic and
semantic analysis)
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7.7 Natural Language Processing

1. Key word Analysis (Pattern Matching)
– NLP program search sentence for target keywords or
phases
– Using Heuristics, Intelligence, Parallel computing.
– Example, ELIZA (see www.prenhall.com/turban)
Start
Input Message
Output suitable
or Change
input
Accept and
store input
N
Scan and
search for key
words
Found
Y
Y
More
End
Fall, 2007
Develop and output
appropriate response
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N
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7.7 Natural Language Processing


2.Language Processing (Syntactic, Semantic and
pragmatic Analysis)
–
Disadvantage of Key word pattern matching
–
Syntax Analysis: sentence construct (arrangement,
subject, predicate, object)
–
Semantic Analysis: meaning of sentence
–
Pragmatic Analysis: relate individual sentence to one
another and to he surrounding context
NLP: Procedures, how Language processing work
–
Five components in Diagram:
–
Parser, Understander, generator, Lexicon, and
Knowledge base
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7.7 Natural Language Processing
Input text
string
Output
Parser
Lexicon
–
Fall, 2007
Understander
Generator
Knowledge
Base
Parser: is a software
•
Syntactically analyzes the input sentence.
•
Maps the words into a parse tree
•
Shows the meaning by the parse tree
•
First Step
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7.7 Natural Language Processing
–
–
–
Fall, 2007
Lexicon:
•
Used for the semantic analysis
•
Containing all of the words
•
Correct spelling
•
Containing all meaning for every word
•
Work together with Parser to produce the parse tree--- new
data structure to help identify the real meaning of the
sentence.
•
Now, parser is a pattern matcher, need next step
Understander: Semantic analysis
•
Together work with KB
•
Produce the Generator
Generator
•
A data structure
•
Output to user a standard prestored sentence
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7.7 Natural Language Processing
Applications

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Fall, 2007
Interfaces to database and other software
Abstracting and summarizing text
Knowledge elicitation and machine learning
Grammar analysis
Translation of a natural language into another NL
Translation of a computer language into another CL
Composing letters
Speech understanding
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7.8 Speech (voice) recognition and
understanding
Voice recognition is the process of having the
computer recognize the normal human voice.

–
–
–
–
Fall, 2007
When a speech recognition system is combined with
a natural language processing system, the result is an
overall system that not only recognizes voice input
but also understanding.
Speech recognition is sometimes applied only to the
first part of the process: recognizing the words that
have been spoken without necessarily interpreting
their meaning.
Classifying: word recognition, continuous speech
recognition, speaker dependent and independent
Procedure:
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7.8 Speech (voice) recognition and
understanding
Voice->Mike->amplifier->bandpass filters->AD/DA>Computer->output, where computer memory has
templates, matching program, and words base
(lexicon).
–
Voice synthesis: let computer to speak.

Classifying Speech Recognizers
–
Word recognizers: identifies individual words. Such
systems are capable of recognizing only a small
vocabulary of single words or possible simple
phrases. E.g. input command or enter data to a
computer.
–
Continuous Speech Recognizers: recognize a
continuous flow of words. More difficult than word
recognizers
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–
7.8 Speech (voice) recognition and
understanding
–
–

Speaker dependent: customized to the voice of the
particular individual. Therefore, only specific user
can use it. Such as training systems.
Speaker independent: anyone can use the system.
Advantages of Speech Recognition
–
Ease of access. Many people can speak more than can
types.
–
Speed.
–
Manual freedom
–
Remote access
–
Accuracy
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Assignments (individual)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Fall, 2007
Define User Interface Management System.
Describe how hypertext works, what is its major
advantages?
Define a Virtual Reality.
Define a GIS, describe the major benefits of GIS
Why is the EDM important?
What is the Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
Why is the user interface the most import
determinant of success of the MSS implementation
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