Transcript Module 4: Exam Remediation
4.01 First in Our Hearts
George Washington was a soldier. He had fought with the British in the French and Indian War. Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, during which time he offered to serve in the Continental Army without pay. Washington was brave and never asked his soldiers to do something he would not do. Many Americans thought that Washington would crown himself King after defeating the British at the Battle of Yorktown, however, Washington believed the country needed a democratic government and not a King.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
In May 1787, delegates from all 13 states gathered in Philadelphia to discuss the Articles of Confederation at the Constitutional Convention. Virginia sent Washington to the Constitutional Convention as a delegate. They elected him President of the Constitutional Convention.
Washington went on to become the country’s first President after the states ratified the Constitution.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
As the first President of the United States, President Washington set several precedents or examples for future Presidents to follow. President Washington was careful to make sure the office of the president would conduct itself with appropriate ceremony and splendor. He avoided any actions that hinted of royalty.
Additional precedents established by President Washington include the creation of a Cabinet (a group of advisors), two term limitation, and the giving of an inaugural and farewell speech.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
George Washington was a Federalist and believed in a strong central government. President Washington recognized that the world was a dangerous place and he worked hard to reestablish a relationship with Britain. Washington strongly supported the Jay Treaty. This 1794 treaty helped begin a valuable trading relationship between the two countries. Although Washington sought a relationship with Britain, he was careful to avoid getting involved when war broke out between Britain and France. The United States remained neutral.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
George Washington is perceived by many to have been an ideal President. He saw leadership as a way to serve the nation and not as a way to profit or better his personal position. He felt that the government should serve the people instead of the people serving the government like it had been under Britain.
Quiz Time!
George Washington set many traditions and standards, known as precedents for the presidency that still continue to this day. Which of the following is not a precedent set by Washington?
A. Washington asked Congress to build a monument in his honor.
B. Washington gave an inaugural address at the beginning of his presidency.
C. Washington retired after two terms as president, which later became the legal limit for terms for presidents.
D. Washington created a group of special advisors to the president called the Cabinet.
A. Washington asked Congress to build a monument in his honor.
Quiz Time!
Which statement best explains why Washington is seen by many as an ideal President?
A. He believed in a strong central government and made sure the government was extremely powerful.
B. He defended his country from England and kept the military strong during his presidency.
C. He was a shrewd politician who won two terms because of his leadership and popularity.
D. He never put himself before his country and felt that the government should serve the people.
D. He never put himself before his country and felt that the government should serve the people.
4.02 A Worthy Successor
4.02 A Worthy Successor
4.02 A Worthy Successor
The Alien & Sedition Act: limited freedom of speech and the rights of non-U.S. citizens. Congress passed these laws to prevent criticism of the government during times of crisis (unofficial war with France). Jefferson saw this as an attack on individual rights. The Election of 1800: Thomas Jefferson challenged John Adams and won. Foreign powers predicted the United States would crumble trying to transfer the presidency to a new political party. The peaceful transition of Thomas Jefferson to the White House proved the U.S. Constitution could survive great challenges.
4.02 A Worthy Successor
Examples of John Adams Civic Virtue
Quiz Time!
Which is a significant result of the election of 1800?
A. It proved nations who thought the United States would not last were wrong B. It proved unpopular laws and actions could get a sitting President voted out of office C. It showed that Adams and Jefferson could still be friends even though they were bitter political enemies D. It demonstrated that the ideas in the U.S. Constitution were stronger than a particular party or point of view
D. It demonstrated that the ideas in the U.S. Constitution were stronger than a particular party or point of view
4.03 American Voices
Between 1763 and 1815, most of the population was made up of indentured servants, slaves, women, children, and the working class. Most working class between 1763 and 1815 lived in cities, where the demand for skilled labor was much greater. Policies were written mainly by white, male landowners. The other groups of people did not have any power and most did not have basic rights.
4.03 American Voices
Children
Few attended schools; education limited to upper class Some were separated from parents for indenture Helped on family farm Could not vote Had few, if any, rights
4.03 American Voices
Women
No legal right to home or children (limited if any rights) Only those with family and wealth likely able to maintain home after loss of husband Choice of husband considered most important event in life Could not vote Few could read or write
4.03 American Voices
Working Class
Work and wages determined by the boss Though most were male and skilled in a craft, no political rights since they did not own land Usually lived in cities, especially near trading ports Could not vote Few could read or write Had few, if any, rights
4.03 American Voices
Indentured Servants
Slavery replaced this system Worked for free to pay off trip across ocean Set time period of servitude Could not vote Few could read or write Had few, if any, rights
4.03 American Voices
Slaves
Rise of cotton as main crop lessened likelihood of freedom Lived in fear, even if able to gain freedom (How can you prove you’re free?) Most could not escape lifelong servitude Families often divided because they were more valuable sold as individuals than as a group.
Could not vote Few could read or write No rights
4.03 American Voices
Florida Time Line 1763–1783: British territory
Florida struggled during this period as the British could not attract people to the territory.
1783: Treaty of Paris
The British gave Florida back to the Spanish after the American Revolution.
Spanish Florida struggled during this period as more Americans settled in Florida than Spaniards.
1817–1818: First Seminole War
Population of North Florida included runaway slaves and Native Americans who fought against the Americans in the War of 1812. The United States invaded Florida in 1818 to gain land and find runaway slaves.
The Seminoles (the term means “runaway”) fought back as the U.S. took their land and enslaved their people. Native Americans in Florida had been struggling to hold onto their land since 1763.
Quiz Time!
During the late 1700s to early 1800s, which group had the most freedom in regards to earning a living and voting rights?
A. Slaves: they could not vote but could often earn their freedom B. Indentured servants: they could earn their freedom quickly and start buying land C. Women: they could not vote but they could own property under certain circumstances D. Working class men: they could not always vote, but they had the ability to earn money and buy land
D. Working class men: they could not always vote, but they had the ability to earn money and buy land
Quiz Time!
Which answer best compares the lives of women to the lives of slaves during the time period of 1763 – 1815?
A. Neither could own land, but most women had other basic rights.
B. Neither could own land, and few received an education or had basic rights. C. Neither had the right to vote, but most women were educated and could own land.
D. Neither had basic rights or could own land, but most women were educated and became teachers.
Lesson
B. Neither could own land, and few received an education or had basic rights.
Quiz Time!
Which statement describes the settlement of northern Florida in 1818?
A. It was made up of runaway slaves and Native Americans who fought the Americans.
B. It was made up of Native Americans and the Spanish who allied against the Americans.
C. It was made up of Native Americans who helped Americans find runaway slaves in exchange for land.
D. It was made up of many different Native American tribes who were all fighting for the same territory.
A. It was made up of runaway slaves and Native Americans who fought the Americans.
4.04 Jefferson Brings Change
4.04 Jefferson Brings
The Supreme Court Rules, Washington,
D.C.
In the final days of his presidency, John Adams approved a law for 16 new federal judges. Thomas Jefferson and Congress repealed this Judiciary Act of 1801 when he took office. Secretary of State James Madison did not deliver the appointment notices to the judges. William Marbury, one of the new judges, fought back against losing his new job. He argued that, by law, Madison must deliver his notice and that Jefferson must allow him to take his position. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had the right to his position but that the court could not force Jefferson or Congress to give it to him. The Supreme Court ruled the Judiciary Act of 1801 unconstitutional. This was the first time the Supreme Court declared that a law passed by Congress violated the U.S. Constitution. Marbury v. Madison established the concept of judicial review.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Shipwrecked Pieces of Eight, Gulf of
Mexico
In 1784, almost 20 years before Jefferson became president, the El Cazador sank in the Gulf of Mexico. The ship, loaded with Spanish money and treasure, was sent to New Orleans to help Spain’s poor and failing colony there. Spain was never able to revive its territory that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
Giving up, Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory to France in 1800. The wreck helped make it possible for the United States to purchase Louisiana Territory in 1803. The U.S. dollar design was based on the Spanish Real, also known as a “piece of eight” and famous in pirate myth. The shipwreck was not found until 1993.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Rebellion in Haiti
Napoleon Bonaparte valued Louisiana Territory, especially New Orleans, only as long as France controlled Haiti. The French called Haiti "Saint-Domingue" and the Spanish called it "Santo Domingo." Haiti was fighting French rule. There were 10 slaves for every one French plantation owner in Haiti. They united in a violent struggle for independence. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a former slave who became a leader as the rebellion grew. The Haitians respected him. The French tricked L'Ouverture to come to a meeting where he was captured and taken to prison. He suffered and died there.
However, Bonaparte was busy fighting the British and could not send enough troops or supplies to stop the whole rebellion.
Frustrated, he was ready to give up on Haiti by early 1803. Haiti was the first nation to win independence through a slave revolt.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
The United States Doubles, area of
Louisiana Purchase
When Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory to France, the French cut off U.S. access to New Orleans. President Jefferson hoped to purchase New Orleans from France. The first offers were refused. However, in 1803, Bonaparte was preparing to attack Britain and failing to control Haiti. He no longer saw value in the Louisiana Territory. When Jefferson sent James Monroe to make a new offer, Bonaparte was ready to sell all of the Louisiana Territory for a mere $15 million. The deal doubled the size of the United States. Some Americans thought the buy was unconstitutional. The U.S. Constitution does not specify that the nation may purchase land. However, Jefferson defended the deal through Article 2, Section 2, saying it gave him authority, with Senate approval, to make treaties with other nations.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Real Pirates, Barbary Coast, North
Africa
The Barbary pirates ruled the waters of the Mediterranean Sea for centuries, attacking European ships and coastal cities. When U.S. ships began to trade in the area, the pirates attacked them, too. They captured American sailors. President Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy and Marines to fight the pirates and protect American shipping. The United States defeated the Barbary pirates. The First Barbary war did not alter the balance of power between the United States and foreign nations, however it did signal a greater U.S. involvement in international affairs.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Embargo, northern Atlantic waters Pirates were not the only U.S. shipping problem. With France and Great Britain at war with each other, U.S. ships and goods were sometimes attacked. U.S. sailors were kidnapped and forced to serve in the British Navy. Impressment enraged Americans. In 1807, President Jefferson authorized the Embargo Act. Trade with foreign countries ended. Jefferson wished to force France and Great Britain to accept the United States as neutral in their conflict and allow the trade. Though the embargo had little impact on those nations, it devastated the U.S. economy. Americans were unable to sell their goods or purchase needed foreign products.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Burr Dishonored, near Weehawken,
N.J.
Aaron Burr was the vice president during Jefferson’s first term. A person’s honor was important to men in Burr’s time. When he believed Alexander Hamilton challenged his honor, Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel. Duels, though illegal, were a way for men to reclaim honor. Hamilton died because of that duel, and Burr fled. A few years later, a rumor spread that he was trying to set up his own kingdom in the West. The United States charged him with treason, but there was little evidence to support the charge. The Supreme Court acquitted Burr, but his political career was ruined.
Quiz Time!
Which best characterizes Jefferson's foreign policy?
A. Jefferson's presidency saw greater U.S. involvement in international affairs.
B. Jefferson set out to expand democracy in foreign lands through military action.
C. Jefferson only dealt with countries the U.S. had relations with before, like Britain and France.
D. Jefferson paid less attention to the rest of the world and concentrated on expanding U.S. territory.
A. Jefferson's presidency saw greater U.S. involvement in international affairs.
Quiz Time!
Which event helped to decide the 1800 Presidential election in Jefferson's favor?
A. The Alien and Sedition Acts made many Americans feel that their individual rights were being violated.
B. Many Americans thought that Adams did not do enough to expand U.S. territory in North America.
C. After eight years of Adams as Vice President and four years of Adams as President, Americans were ready for a change.
D. Many Americans wanted to go to war with France, and although French ships attacked American ones, Adams worked for peace.
A. The Alien and Sedition Acts made many Americans feel that their individual rights were being violated.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
Many historians believe that President Thomas Jefferson’s greatest legacy was the Louisiana Purchase. He made plans for an expedition to explore the land even before the purchase.
Making friendly contact with Native Americans and finding a passage to the Pacific were important goals to Jefferson. In the spring of 1804, he sent Captain Meriwether Lewis and more than 30 other men to learn everything they could about this land.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
Meriwether Lewis spent months studying the notes of others who had seen portions of the territory. He convinced his friend William Clark to join the group. Clark had military experience and a keen eye for geography. He was also an accomplished mapmaker. Clark recruited many soldiers for the expedition. The Corps of Discovery was the group's name.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
Their mission from President Jefferson was to: map a new route to the Pacific Ocean collect specimens for study meet and give gifts to the Native Americans take notes on activity during the journey
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
The Lewis and Clark expedition gave Americans plenty of information about lands to the west. Their journey continues to inspire Americans today. Some enjoy reenacting the journey by camping along spots on the trail.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
Cartography
is the work of creating maps. William Clark made many maps of the territory the Corps explored. There was no satellite imagery available to Clark— only his eyes, compass, and drawing tools. His maps amaze us today with their accuracy and detail, considering he relied so much on his imagination to determine how the area looked from the sky.
Quiz Time!
Which statement describes events leading up to the Louisiana Purchase in the correct order?
A. The First Barbary War threatened U.S. coastal cities. The slave rebellion began in Haiti. The El Cazador sank in the Gulf of Mexico. B. The El Cazador sank in the Gulf of Mexico. The French cut off U.S. access to New Orleans. The slave rebellion began in Haiti. C. The slave rebellion began in Haiti. The Spanish ceded the western lands to France. The Corps of Discovery explored this territory.
D. The Spanish ceded the western lands to France. The Corps of Discovery explored this territory. The French cut off U.S. access to New Orleans.
B. The El Cazador sank in the Gulf of Mexico. The French cut off U.S. access to New Orleans. The slave rebellion began in Haiti.
Quiz Time!
Before reaching the Rocky Mountains, the Lewis and Clark expedition had access to large herds of buffalo in the Eastern plains. What kind of food did they have access to after crossing the Rocky Mountains?
A. cows, pigs, and rice B. fish, berries, and nuts C. wheat, corn, and beans D. shellfish, oranges, and potatoes
B. fish, berries, and nuts
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
Causes of the War of 1812
Great Britain did not respect the United States The British often kidnapped or impressed U.S. sailors for service in the British navy. The British seized American ship cargo and prevented fishing near Canada. The British still had soldiers posted in the northwestern reaches of the United States. These soldiers encouraged Native Americans to attack American settlers. Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief friendly to the British. He united Native American tribes to fight the spread of U.S. settlement. Tecumseh considered the United States an enemy.
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
The War of 1812 divided the United States. The people in the North and East did not want war. They depended on trade with Great Britain despite the problems. They worried that the British military was far more powerful and the United States was not ready for war. The South and West favored war with Britain. The pressure to go to war came mainly from a group of Congressmen known as the "War Hawks.“ The War Hawks called for war because they believed that British interference with American ships hurt the economy and the reputation of the United States. The War Hawks were mainly from the western frontier and the south. The War Hawks saw war as a way to stop British aggression, but to also gain territory (Canada).
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
Major Events Form the War of 1812
Summer 1812, British blockade: Great Britain posted ships along the U.S. coast, cutting off trade. August 1812, Detroit fails: The United States’ first strategy was to invade Canada, with terrible consequences. Early battles, like at Fort Detroit, were failures. The British took many U.S. soldiers as prisoners.
September 10, 1813, Battle of Lake Erie: Under Commodore Matthew Perry, the United States won its first battle in Lake Erie. The British left the area, including Fort Detroit.
October 5, 1813, Battle of the Thames: Under General William Henry Harrison, the United States won a battle at Canada’s Thames River. Tecumseh died in his second armed conflict against Harrison. His death marked the end of united Native American resistance in the Northern United States.
Summer 1814, Niagara campaign: In spring 1814, the British defeated Napoléon Bonaparte in Europe and were free to focus on the war with the United States. The British strategy was to attack three main areas—Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, and New Orleans. U.S. soldiers fought back successfully at Fort Niagara, stopping British forces there and at Lake Champlain.
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
August 24, 1814, Washington, D.C. burns: The British sailed into Chesapeake Bay and met untrained U.S. soldiers guarding Washington, D.C. The Capitol Building and the White House were set on fire. President Madison and his wife, Dolley, fled the burning mansion, saving several national treasures. The British then continued north toward Baltimore.
September 13, 1814, Fort McHenry resists: Fort McHenry guarded Baltimore, and the British began shelling the fort from two miles offshore. American cannonballs fell into the bay but 1,000 Americans were able to hold the fort. Despite an attack of more than 1,500 cannonballs, American soldiers raised the U.S. flag over Fort McHenry early on September 14. From the ship where the British held him during the battle, Francis Scott Key spotted the flag that inspired his now-famous poem.
January 8, 1815, New Orleans attack: General Andrew Jackson led an army that included Native Americans, French soldiers, and freed slaves to New Orleans. There he fought the battle that made him a national hero. U.S. forces stopped the British from reaching their goal. However, this battle had no effect on the war’s outcome. Peace talks had begun between the United States and Great Britain two weeks before.
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
Out Come of the War of 1812
By the end of 1814, Great Britain’s leaders did not feel the war was worth the cost.
The United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Ghent, which only returned the nations to prewar conditions. The treaty addressed none of the issues that caused the war. However, the nations did agree to have further talks.
Quiz Time!
Which answer offers the best reasoning for why the Native American chief Tecumseh fought alongside the British in the War of 1812?
A. Tecumseh was well paid by British generals.
B. Tecumseh wanted to preserve trade with Britain.
C. Tecumseh considered America to be an enemy.
D. Tecumseh felt his homeland was more secure with the British.
C. Tecumseh considered America to be an enemy.
Quiz Time!
Which answer describes an event that took place during the War of 1812 in the southern part of the United States?
A. The British unsuccessfully attacked Fort McHenry.
B. The British took U.S. soldiers prisoner during the battle at Fort Detroit.
C. General William Henry Harrison fought and won a battle at the Thames River.
D. An army that included Native Americans, French soldiers, and freed slaves fought the British.