Transcript RNA interference as a resistance mechanism against crop

Evidenze dei benefici nella
prevenzione/cura di alcune
patologie
Franca Marangoni
Nutrition Foundation of Italy
Benefici delle spezie
Spezia
a Cannella
Indicazione terapeutica
Prevenzione delle infezioni del
cavo orale
1
b Curcuma
c Pepe nero
d Peperoncino
(capsaicina)
e Zenzero
f Chiodi di garofano
Disturbi della motilità intestinale
Insulinoresistenza
Nausea in gravidanza
2
3
4
Malattie infiammatorie croniche
Neuropatia
5
6
Modulation of bioavailability of drugs, phytochemicals,
carcinogens by black pepper and piperine
Srinivasan, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007
Functional & Nutraceutical Effects of Bioactive
Compounds of Black Pepper
Bioactive compounds
Functional & Nutraceuticals Role
Piperine
i. Bio-absorption of vitamins and trace elements.
Essential oil
Phenolics
Researchers
Kumoro et al., 2009/
ii. Effective against acute inflammatory process
Capasso et al., 2002
Bang et al., 2009
iii. Antimicrobial properties
iv. Improved functionality of gastrointestinal tract.
Sangwan et al., 2008
Badmaev et al., 2000
v. Decreased body weight and visceral fat accumulation
Okumura et al. 2010
vi. Improved bioavailability of curcumin and catechins
Singletary, 2010
vii. Enhanced bioavailability of many drugs
Pattanaik et al., 2009
viii. Piperine ameliorate the chronic mild stress
Li et al. 2007
ix. Reduce risk of cancer
x. reducing the extent of toxicity of certain components
Vellaichamy et al. 2009
Han et al., 2008
1. Contributes aroma
2. Control worm infestations
1. Reduce oxidation process
2. Ameliorating oxidative stress
Zachariah et al., 2010
Dorman and Deans, 2000
Renjie et al., 2010
Saxena et al., 2007
Butt et al., Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2012
Black pepper
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is commonly employed as traditional remedies against gastric disturbances from
time immemorial.
Enhances the production of hydrochloric acid from stomach thus improving
digestion through stimulation of histamine H2 receptors.
Has diaphoretic (promotes sweating), and diuretic (promotes urination)
properties
Is well absorbed from mucosal side (piperine) (44–63%)
Its mechanisms of action on the gastrointestinal tract include enhanced
absorption of nutrients, improved enzymes synthesis, protection of intestinal
membranes from gastric secretions and ROS damage, enhancement of the
activities of antioxidant enzymes i.e. SOD, catalase, GR, and GST and expression of
some digestive enzymes along with increase in the secretion of saliva.
Its mode of action in constipation and diarrhea involves concentration-dependent
& atropine-sensitive stimulant effect, spontaneous contractions similar to
loperamide and nifedipine, inhibition of naloxone-sensitive effect, Ca(2+) channel
blocking (CCB) activity, relaxant effect, K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions. These
mechanisms collectively leads to spasmodic (cholinergic) and antispasmodic
(opioid agonist and Ca (2+) antagonist) effects
Butt et al., Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2012
Mean (±SEM) glucose and insulin concentrations at fasting and up to 2 h after the
consumption of the bland meal after the bland diet (BAB) (4wk), the chili meal (30g)
after the bland diet (CAB), and the chili meal after the chili diet (CAC). Baseline values
(0 min) were obtained 30 min before the meal was eaten.
Conclusion: Regular consumption of chili may attenuate postprandial
hyperinsulinemia.
Ahuja, Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:63–9.
Effects of capsaicin, green tea and CH-19 sweet pepper on appetite and energy
intake in humans in negative and positive energy balance
Ad libitum energy intake (Mean values ±SE) for each of the five treatments during
negative (10% of their individually calculated total daily energy requirement was provided for
breakfast and 15% of their total daily energy requirement was provided for lunch) and positive (20% of their
individually calculated daily energy requirement for breakfast aand 40% of their total daily energy requirement
for lunch) energy balance. Notation of significances *(5%), **(1%) and ***(0.1%) specifies significant effects of
energy balance on ad lib energy intake for each treatment.
Reinbach Clinical Nutrition 28 (2009) 260–265
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 200 consenting adult
patients with chronic neuropathic pain treated with topical 3.3% doxepin
hydrochloride, 0.025% capsaicin and a combination of 3.3% doxepin and 0.025%
capsaicin
capsaicin
C+D
capsaicin
Scores for sensitivity fell from the baseline
Application of capsaicin reduced shooting
immediately after commencement of capsaicin
pain from baseline level by 0.75 (95% CL
treatment, with an initial fall after the first study
0–1.5) after 4 weeks (P < 0.001). Shooting
week (P < 0.001), with a further gradual further fall pain was reduced by 0.73 (95% C.L. 0.28–
by by week 4 (P < 0.05). In the doxepin/capsaicin
1.18) with the doxepin/capsaicin
group there was an immediate fall from baseline
combination (P < 0.001)
level
McCleane , Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000
Estimates of efficacy and harm from meta-analysis of randomised
controlled trials of capsaicin for treatment of chronic pain associated
with neuropathic or musculoskeletal conditions
No of
trials
No of
patients
Treatment
Placebo
Relative benefit
(95% CI)*
Number
needed to
treat (95%
CI)†
3
368
70/186
46/182
1.5 (1.1 to 2.0)
8.1 (4.6 to 34)
At four weeks
4
313
91/159
64/154
1.4 (1.1 to 1.7)
6.4 (3.8 to 21)
At eight weeks
6
656
197/331
136/325
1.4 (1.2 to 1.7)
5.7 (4.0 to 10)
Characteristic
Musculoskelet
al pain:
At four weeks
Neuropathic
pain:
A large review found that capsaicin was effective in reducing pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, osteoarthritis,
and psoriasis. It was, however, less effective in reducing pain from postherpetic neuralgia
What this study adds
For every six patients with neuropathic pain using capsaicin 0.075% for eight weeks, one additional patient would
benefit
For every eight patients with musculoskeletal pain using capsaicin 0.025% for four weeks, one additional patient would
benefit
One in three patients using capsaicin had local adverse events;
Mason et al., BMJ 2004
250 mg of an aqueous extract of cinnamon (Cinnulin PF) two times per day for 12
weeks in the diet of overweight or obese subjects reduce oxidative stress and
impaired fasting glycemia
Parameters
Time of
supplementation
Cinnamon
0 week
Cinnamon
6 weeks
Cinnamon
12 weeks
Placebo
0 week
Placebo
6 weeks
Placebo
12 weeks
FRAP μMol/L
812 ± 38
874 ± 52.4
918* ± 33
707 ± 58
709 ± 60
660 ± 54
Plasma MDA μMol/L
2.7 ± 0.2
2.4 ± 0.1
2.2*± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.1
2.40 ± 0.1
2.5 ± 0.1
Plasma SH groups
μMol/g prot
4.89 ± 0.20
5.26 ± 0.20
5.56*±0.20
5.26 ± 0.20
5.14 ± 0.10
4.97 ± 0.20
RBC Se-GPx U/gHb
41.3 ± 2.80
41.5 ± 2.60
41.86 ± .70 45.68 ± 3.10 46.67 ± 3.40 46.2 ± 3.40
RBC Cu ZnSOD
U/mg Hb
1.17 ± 0.05
1.15 ± 0.1
1.20 ± 0.1
1.30 ± 0.05
1.27 ± 0.03
1.37 ± 0.05
Fasting Glucose
mg/dL
114 ± 2.2
115 ± 6.8
102*± 4.3
112 ± 3.2
109 ± 5.7
113 ± 4.6
Fasting Insulin
pmol/ml
11.34 ± 1.70 11.95 ± 5.94 14.15 ±11.19 10.30 ± 1.76 9.47 ± 1.59
Roussel et al, J Am Coll Nutr 2009
9.56 ± 1.88
Ingestion of 6 g cinnamon with a rice pudding reduces
postprandial blood glucose concentrations and gastric
emptying rate (GER) in healthy subjects
Hlebowicz J et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1552-1556
Effetti della cannella sulla glicemia a digiuno e sul profilo
lipidico in pazienti con diabete di tipo 2: risultati di una
metanalisi di studi clinici controllati randomizzati
Glicemia a digiuno
Colesterolo totale
Trigliceridi
Colesterolo HDL
Colesterolo LDL
Differenza media
-17.15 (-47.58 a 13.27)
-9.63 (-35.94 a 16.67)
-28.44 (-61.81 a 4.94)
-1.58 (-0.74 a 3.89)
-4.71 (-18.12 a 8.71)
n
4 (207)
4 (207)
4 (207)
3 (147)
4 (207)
Tutti i valori sono espressi in mg/dl come differenza media (95% CI).
n = numero di studi (numero di soggetti).
Association between mean baseline
FBG and reduction in FBG
Kirsham Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 11, 2009, 1100–1113
Benefici della cannella
 Riduzione della glicemia post prandiale e
modulazione dellaresistenza all’insulina
 Effetto ipoglicemizzante con ¼ di cucchiaino da tè
 Rallentamento della digestione, ritardando
l’aumento degli zuccheri nel sangue
 Effetti anche su:
–Ritmo cardiaco
–Pressione arteriosa
–Temperatura corporea
 1 cucchiano da tè di cannella= 2 grammi
 La somministrazione di 2-6 grammi al giorno ha
comportato:
–Miglioramento di quasi tutti i soggetti diabetici trattati
–Il ritorno della glicemia a valori più elevati in seguito
alla sospensione dell’assunzione di cannella
 La cannella può quindi far parte di
un’alimentazione equilibrata nell’ambito di uno
stile di vita attivo per:
–Una più efficiente risposta insulinica
–Il contenuto di polifenoli
–L’effetto antinfiammatorio che può contribuire alla
prevenzione di alcuni tipi di tumori
Multitargeting by turmeric, the golden spice: From kitchen to clinic
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
pages n/a-n/a, 13 AUG 2012 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100741
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201100741/full#mnfr1798-fig-0002
Multitargeting by turmeric, the golden spice: From kitchen to clinic
Gupta et al., Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
13 AUG 2012 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100741
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201100741/full#mnfr1798-fig-0001
Biological activities of turmeric as shown in human studies
No. of
patients
Dose, duration
Overall conclusion [Reference]
1.CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IL-8, interleukin-8; NO, nitric oxide; TGF, transforming growth factor.
Anti-inflammation
30
2%, 7 days
Reduced the inflammation in patients with chronic localized or
generalized periodontitis [[116]]
24
500 mg/day, 3 months
Decreased proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in
patients with relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis [[117]]
Efficacy
50
15 g/day, 6 weeks
Efficacy
62
‒
Phase II
45
3 g/day, 4 weeks
Efficacy
Lupus nephritis
Randomized, placebocontrolled
Anticancer
Significantly reduced NO level in CML patients when given alone or in
combination with imatinib [[118]]
Produced remarkable symptomatic relief in patients with external
cancerous lesions [[119]]
Reduced the ulcer size in patients with peptic ulcer [[120]]
Antidiabetic
Randomized, double-blind 40
1.5 g/day, 2 months
Crossover
14
6 g, 15–120 min
Randomized, partially
blinded
500
72–144 mg/day, 8 weeks
Randomized, crossover
8
0.5 g
Attenuated proteinuria, TGF-β, and IL-8 in patients with overt type 2
diabetic nephropathy [[121]]
Increased postprandial serum insulin levels, insignificant effect on
plasma glucose levels and the glycemic index [[122]]
Irritable bowel syndrome
Antimutagenic
Improved the symptoms of IBS and reduced the prevalence of disease
[[123]]
Increased the bowel motility and activated the hydrogen-producing
bacterial flora in the colon [[124]]
Clinical effects of curcumin: results
from human trials
Epstein British Journal of Nutrition 2010
Ginger in pregnancy: a review of 6
double-blind RCT and a
prospective
study
 This finding corroborates the results of previous inconclusive analyses based on





less extensive studies from Australia (2 studies), Thailand (2 studies), Canada (1
study), and Denmark (1 study).
Whether or not demographic or social/cultural similarities and differences among
these populations can be generalized to the universe of pregnant women
worldwide cannot be extrapolated from the present review.
In all clinical trials, ginger was taken 3 or 4 times a day, independently of the
occurrence of nausea and/or vomiting.
Although the single acute dose of ginger varied in each study, the daily dose was
approximately 1 g in 5 of the 6 studies reviewed (with periods ranging from 8 to
20 weeks).
A prospective observational cohort study and the follow-up of 4 RCTs consistently
showed that there are no significant side effects or ad verse effects on pregnancy
outcomes.
In conclusion ginger may be a safe and effective option for the treatment of
nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
Benefici delle spezie
Spezia
a Cannella
Indicazione terapeutica
Prevenzione delle infezioni del
cavo orale
1
b Curcuma
c Pepe nero
d Peperoncino
(capsaicina)
e Zenzero
f Chiodi di garofano
Disturbi della motilità intestinale
Insulinoresistenza
Nausea in gravidanza
2
3
4
Malattie infiammatorie croniche
Neuropatia
5
6
Soluzione: a-3, b-5, c-2, d-6, e-4, f-1