Transcript X-Map Visualizing relationships among real people

15.599 The Future of Work
and
Collaborative Innovation Networks
Swarm Creativity
2/8/2005 Peter Gloor
[email protected]
Enhanced Gravity
Creative Incitement
For example Laurie Spiegel (famous dada artist):
------->So I hope for a positive answer...
There are actually already 3 different record companies wanting or expecting music from
me in the same time period as your project, and I am not sure if I have anything to send any
of them yet. Also I have been asked to write something for publication, again, at the same
time. (This is odd because I have tended to go year after year and no one wants any of my
music and now all of a sudden ... what an amazing thing to happen ... several people do!)
So I do not have time. But now that you have told me more, I will be thinking more about
what you have told me.
I made a dance score for a choreographer in the early 1980s that was something to do with
gravity. I think it was "Gravity's Joke" which fits in perfectly with "Partial Levity". Maybe I
can find it. But maybe not. What is the schedule on this? Do you need any kind of exclusive
rights that might be difficult to arrange or do a contract? (I have no idea where to reach the
choreographer I composed it for.) Ah well, probably it would sound horrible after all this
time, so it is better if you don't expect anything from me.
Swarm Intelligence - Insects
1. Positive feedback reinforces desired behavior
bee recruits other bees to help exploit food source
2. Negative feedback
bees overcrowding a food source stop exploring
3. Amplification of randomness
bees getting lost discover new food sources
4. Amplification of interactivity
insects make positive use of the results of their activities
Eric Bonabeau
Advantages
• No central control
• Self-repair
• Robustness
• Scaleable
• Pheromone trail
Basic Principle of Swarm Creativity
If you and I swap a dollar, you
and I still have a dollar, if you and
I swap an idea, you and I have
two ideas each
Printed on napkin in San Francisco
restaurant
Wikipedia
• Public domain competitor to Encarta and
Encyclopedia Britannica
• Founded 2001, over 400,000 entries, over
100,000 registered contributors
• Alex Havalais - 13 errors
• Friendly environment:
– Great editing in progress
– Featured article
• “be bold but stay cool”
• Administrators: temporarily turn of editing
privileges for rest of the world
Open Source
• Linux, Apache, Firefox
• Eric Raymond “The cathedral and the
bazaar”: “power of the many eye balls”
• Debian: “we do not hide errors”
• Less software bugs
• Fewer hacker attacks
IBM Eclipse
• $ 60 million IBM investment
• 2004 converted into foundation
• IBM Motivation:
– Huge customer base for “Rational Toolset”
– Internal development tool (Lotus Workplace)
– “Cool factor”
• Knowledge network: OTI (Ottawa, Toronto, Portland,
Minneapolis, Saint Nazaire, Zurich)
• Hubs of trust: meritocracy, transparency, openness to
contributions
• Debugger - developer - committer - PMC
• Over 18 million downloads
• Still many “committers” on IBM payroll
Motivation of Open Source Developers
• Stefano Mazzocchi
– 3. Boost ego
– 2. New knowledge
– 1. Fun factor
• Collective (community) motives
• Peer recognition
• Direct reward (skills, money)
Personal Experience in Swarm Creativity
• UBS CORBA (ISI)
– Self-selecting “bee hive”
• DaimlerChrysler e3 (e-extended
enterprise) initiative
– Tsunami of e-Business
• Animated Algorithms
Open Disruptive Innovation
•
•
•
•
Walmart
WWW, Linux
Open Innovation (Chesbrough)
Not limited to hi-tech:
Collaborative Innovators
• Leonardo da Vinci
• As apprentice with Verrocchio
• Community: Luca Pacioli (golden ratio),
Andrea Salai, Francesco Melzi
• Don’t give up
• Speak language
of environment:
Linus on Microsoft
I wonder if Mundie has ever heard of Sir Isaac
Newton? He's not only famous for having set the
foundations for classical mechanics, but he is
also famous for how he acknowledged the
achievement: ‘If I have been able to see further,
it was only because I stood on the shoulders of
giants’ ... I'd rather listen to Newton than to
Mundie. He may have been dead for almost
three hundred years, but despite that he stinks
up the room less.
Disciples carry innovation over “Tipping Point”
•
•
•
•
Malcolm Gladwell
Connectors (Paul Sachs)
Salesman (Ronald Reagan)
Maven
Personal Computers
invent
create
collaborate
communicate
sell
spark of genius
Douglas Engelbart
Ivan Sutherland
make it work
Alan Kay
Butler Lampson
Robert Taylor
Charles Thacker
cash in
Apple
Intel
Microsoft
change
forever
Internet
invent
create
collaborate
communicate
sell
spark of genius
JCR Licklider
make it work
Vinton Cerf
David Clark
cash in
3COM
CISCO
change
forever
Web
invent
create
collaborate
communicate
sell
spark of genius
Vannevar Bush
Ted Nelson
make it work
Tim Berners-Lee
Robert Cailleau
cash in
Netscape
Amazon
eBay
change
forever