Transcript Key Concepts 1

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Key Concepts Group 1 Set 1
Friday, August 26, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• State
• Purpose of Government
• Government
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined
terms)
1. In your opinion, why do we need or not need
government?
2. Do you think government move too slow in solving
societies’ problems, if so, why? If not, why?
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Key Concepts 1 - 3
1.
2.
3.
Purpose of Government – The general purpose of
any government are to resolve conflict, provide
public services, provide for the national security
and common defense, set goals for public policy,
and preserve the culture(s) of society
State – identifies a political community that
occupies a definite territory and has an organized
government with the power to make and enforce
laws without approval from any higher authority.
Government – the institution in which the state
maintains social order, provides, public services,
and enforces decisions that are binding on all
people living within the state
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Key Concepts Group 1 Set 2
Monday, August 29, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index
and/or Glossary.
• Nation
• Sovereignty
• Preamble to the Constitution
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside
page of your Composition notebook (other-side of
defined terms)
1. Who was Aristotle?
2. There are four “theories of the Origin of the State,”
what are they & write one statement about each.
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Key Concepts 4 - 6
4. Nation – any sizable group of people who are
united by common bonds of race, language,
custom, tradition, and sometimes religion
5. Sovereignty – the state has supreme and
absolute authority within its territorial
boundaries
6. Preamble to the Constitution – the
introduction to the U.S. Constitution that
explains its purpose and sets forth six goals of
the Constitution and the government it is
creating.
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Key Concepts Group 1 Set 3
Tuesday, August 30, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
• Domestic Tranquility
• Common Defense
• General Welfare
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. Name three types of governments and describe
their characteristics.
2. Why is it critical that in a democracy
“widespread education” is an essential quality?
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Key Concepts 7 - 9
7. Domestic tranquility – internal peace; lack of
disturbances within a country
8. Common defense – a nation’s security and
defense against attacks from other nations or
groups
9. General welfare – the good of the community
or nation as a whole; also referred to as the
common good
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Key Concepts Group 1 Set 3
Tuesday, August 31, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
• Justice
• Liberty
• Evolutionary Theory
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. Explain the idea of “Majority Rule with Minority
Rights”?
2. Turn to pg. 21 – Read the section “Endo v. U.S.,
what was this Supreme Court Case about?
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Key Concepts 10 - 12
10. Justice – fair distribution of benefits and
burdens, fair corrections of wrongs and
injuries, or use of fair procedures in gathering
information and making decisions
11. Liberty – individual rights protected by the
Constitution against powers of the
government; also referred to as civil liberties
12. Evolutionary Theory – the government of a
state evolved from the family
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Key Concepts Group 1 Set 5
Thursday, September 1, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Force Theory
• Divine Rights Theory
• Social Contract
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. What does the term “Separation of Powers
"mean?
2. What was the Mayflower Compact? (Pg. 39)
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Key Concepts 13 - 15
13. Force Theory – the government emerged when
all the people of an area were brought under
the authority of one person or group
14. Divine Right Theory – the notion that a god or
gods have chosen certain people the right to
rule
15. Social Contract Theory – the notion that
government exists only because the people
have given up some of their freedoms for the
government to maintain social order
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Group 1 – Key Concept Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
State
Purpose of Government
Government
Nation
Sovereignty
Preamble to the Constitution
• Domestic Tranquility
• Common Defense
•
•
•
•
•
•
Justice
Liberty
Evolutionary Theory
Force Theory
Divine Rights Theory
Social Contract
• General Welfare
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Key Concepts Group 2 Set 1
Friday, September 2, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Unitary System
• Federal System
• Confederacy System
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. Who’s idea was it to have freedom of
Religion
2. Who came up with the Social Contract
Theory?
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Key Concepts 16 - 18
16. Unitary system – a government that gives all
key powers to the national or central
government
17. Federal system – a government that divides the
powers of government between the national
government and state or provincial
governments
18. Confederacy system – a loose union of
independent states, where the independent
states hold all of the key power of government
and the union only handles issues that are
common to all the states
Key Concepts Group 2 Set 2
Tuesday, September 06, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Presidential System
• Parliamentary System
• Limited Government
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. In your opinion, how likely is it that
President Obama will be re-elected as
President?
2. What do you see as the greatest problem
facing America today?
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Key Concepts 19 - 21
19. Presidential system – a form of representative
democracy where the lawmaking and lawimplementing branches of government are
separate
20. Parliamentary system – a form of
representative democracy where the
lawmaking and law-implementing branches
overlap
21. Limited government – a government principle
that government should perform only the
functions that the people have given it the
power to perform
Key Concepts Group 2 Set 3
Wednesday, September 07, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index
and/or Glossary.
• Unlimited Government
• Democracy
• Dictatorship
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside
page of your Composition notebook (other-side of
defined terms)
1. Why did a law-making body called?
2. What was the Glorious Revolution?
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Key Concepts 22 - 24
22. Unlimited government – a government in
which the ruler(s) has complete and absolute
power
23. Democracy – a form of government in which
the people of a nation rule either directly or
through elected representatives
24. Dictatorship – a form of government in which
absolute power is exercised by a single person
who has usually obtained and/or maintained
his/her power by the use of force
Key Concepts Group 2 Set 4
Thursday, September 08, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index
and/or Glossary.
• Authoritarian
• Monarchy
• Constitutional Monarchy
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside
page of your Composition notebook (other-side of
defined terms)
1. Why did a law-making body called?
2. What was the Glorious Revolution?
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Key Concepts 25 - 27
28. Authoritarian – a government which is
centered in one person or in a small group that
is not accountable to the people of the nation
or a constitution.
29. Monarchy – a system of authoritarian
government headed by a monarch – a king,
queen, shah, or sultan – whose position is
usually inherited
30. Constitutional monarchy – a system of
government in which the monarch shares the
governmental powers with elected lawmakers
Key Concepts Group 2 Set 5
Monday, September 12, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Direct Democracy
• Indirect Democracy
• Republic
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined
terms)
1. What is mercantilism?
2. What does the saying, “No taxation
without representation mean”?
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Key Concepts 28 - 30
25. Direct democracy – a system of government in
which political decisions are made by the
people themselves rather than by elected
representatives
26. Indirect democracy – a system of democracy in
which the people elect representatives who
work within government on behalf of the
people; also known as a representative
democracy or republic
27. Republic – a form of government in which the
people elect representatives and head of state
to carry on the work of government for them
Key Concepts Group 3 Set 1
Tuesday, September 13, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Absolute Monarch
• Oligarchy
• Autocracy
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined
terms)
1. What is independence?
2. Who wrote the Declaration of
Independence?
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Group 2 – Key Concept Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Unitary System
Federal System
Confederacy System
Presidential System
Parliamentary System
Limited Government
Direct Democracy
Indirect Democracy
9. Unlimited
Government
10. Democracy
11. Dictatorship
12. Authoritarian
13. Monarchy
14. Constitutional
Monarchy
15. Republic
Reflection #2 Case Study Topics
Due – Friday, September 23, 2011
1. Schenck v. United States “Wartime Freedom of
Speech”
2. Marbury v. Madison “The Supreme Court’s Power
of Judicial Review”
3. McCollum v. Board of Education “Release Time
Religious Education in Public Schools”
4. Gideon v. Wainwright “A poor Defendant’s Right to
a Lawyer”
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Key Concepts 31 - 33
31.Absolute monarchy – a system of
government in which the monarch
has unlimited powers and is likely
above the law
32.Autocracy – a system of government
in which the power to rule is in the
hands of an single individual
33.Oligarchy – a form of government in
which a few person hold the ruling
power
Key Concepts Group 3 Set 2
Wednesday, September 14, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Theocracy
• Capitalism
• Totalitarian Dictatorship
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. What was the first colony to organize as a
state?
2. Who created the Massachusetts
constitution?
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Key Concepts 34 - 36
34. Theocracy – a system of government where the
ruling class or priestly class claim to have
divine authority
35. Totalitarian dictatorship – a form of
government in which the ideas of a single
leader are glorified and the government seeks
to control all aspects of society , subordinating
individual freedom to state interest
36. Capitalism – referred to as the free enterprise,
characterized by private ownership of property
and resources, competition among businesses,
freedom of choice, and possibility of profit
Key Concepts Group 3 Set 3
Thursday, September 15, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Socialism
• Democratic Socialism
• Mixed-Market Economy
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. What were 3 problems with the Articles of
Confederation?
2. What treaty ended the Revolutionary War in
1783?
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Key Concepts 37 - 39
37. Mixed-Market Economies – an economy in
which free enterprise is combined with and
supported by government decisions
38. Socialism – an economy in which the
government owns the basic means of
production, determines the use of resources,
distributes products and wages, and provides
social services
39. Democratic Socialism – people have basic
human rights and have some control over
government officials through free elections, but
the government owns the means of production
Key Concepts Group 3 Set 4
Friday, September 16, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Communism
• Command Economy
• Magna Carta
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined
terms)
1. No Questions Today – Write “No
Questions on back of page and today’s
date.
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Key Concepts 40 - 42
40. Communism – an economic system in which
the central government directs all major
economic decisions
41. Command Economy – an economic system in
which the government controls the factors of
production
42. Magna Carta – The British Great Charter of
freedom signed in 1215 by King John
guaranteeing certain rights. Guaranteed
certain rights, such as, trial by jury, due
process of law, no loss of life, liberty, or
property except with accordance with the law.
Limited governing powers of the English
monarchy
Key Concepts Group 3 Set 5
Monday, September 19, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
• Petition of Rights
• English Bill of Rights
• Mayflower Compact
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. What was the only state that did not send
delegates to fix the Articles of Confederation?
2. Why was not Thomas Jefferson and John Adams
able to attend the constitutional convention?
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Key Concepts 43 - 45
43. Petition of Rights – limited the monarch’s power
by not allowing the collection of taxes without
Parliament’s consent, imprison people without just
cause, house troops in private homes, declare
marshal law unless at war.
44. English Bill of Rights – Signed by William and
Mary of Orange in 1689. This document
guaranteed British subjects the right to petition
the king, bare arms, and prohibited excessive bails
and fines along with cruel and unusual
punishment
45. Mayflower Compact – an agreement signed in
1620 by all males aboard the ship Mayflower,
before landing in Plymouth, to form a political
body governed by majority rule
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Group 3 – Key Concept Terms
1. Petition of Rights
2. English Bill of Rights
3. Mayflower Compact
4. Communism
5. Command Economy
6. Magna Carta
7. Socialism
8. Democratic Socialism
9. Theocracy
10. Capitalism
11. Mixed-Market Economy
12. Totalitarian Dictatorship
13. Absolute Monarch
14. Oligarchy
15. Autocracy
Key Concepts Group 4 Set 1
Tuesday, September 20, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Declaration of Independence
• Thomas Hobbs
• John Locke
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. Who designed the Virginia Plan?
2. Which of the three plans we discussed
yesterday catered to large states and large
populations?
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Key Concepts 46 - 48
46. Declaration of Independence – The document
drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that
announced the final, momentous step in the
colonies’ resistance to the British government
and renounced the British government’s
sovereignty over the colonies
47. Thomas Hobbes – An English philosopher that
first theorized the social contract theory
48. John Locke – an English philosopher that
expanded the social contract theory and
established natural rights (life, liberty, and
property)
Key Concepts Group 4 Set 2
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Baron de Montesquieu
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Voltaire
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined
terms)
1.
What is the name of the group of people named by
each state to select the President & Vice-President?
2.
What addition did most Anti-Federalist want added to
the Constitution in order to vote for ratification?
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Key Concepts 49 - 51
49. Baron de Montesquieu – A French philosopher
that wrote about the system of government
that divides and balances power
50. Jean Jacques Rousseau – used the Social
Contract theory and states that without law or
morality society degenerates into a brutish
condition, people must have government to
survive
51. Voltaire – A French philosopher who wrote
about separation of church and state
Key Concepts Group 4 Set 3
Friday, September 23, 2011
Define the following using your
textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Articles of Confederation
• New Jersey Plan
• Virginia Plan
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Key Concepts 52 - 54
52. Articles of Confederation – The compact made
among the thirteen original American states to
form the basis of their government; it was
adopted by Congress in 1781 and replaced by
the United States Constitution in 1788
53. Virginia Plan – proposed a bicameral
legislature. The lower house would be elected
by the people, the number of member from
each state would depend on the population
54. New Jersey Plan – this proposed a unicameral
legislature that each state would have equal
representation regardless of population in each
state
Key Concepts Group 4 Set 4
Monday, September 26, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Commerce Compromise
• Connecticut Plan
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined
terms)
1.
2.
Which part of the Constitution explains how the
government works?
What three things are contained in Article I of the
Constitution?
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55. Connecticut Plan – also known as the Great Compromise
was adopted by the Constitutional Convention of 1787, this
plan provided for equal representation of the state in the
Senate, and proportional representation in the House of
Representatives
56. Commerce Compromise – allowed Congress to regulate
interstate commerce as well as commerce with other
nations, and denied Congress the power to levy export
taxes. It was a result of Southern states’ concern that
Congress would tax exports
57. Three-fifths Compromise – A result of the debate over how
slaves would be counted in determining the number of
representative in the House of Representatives. It
determined that 3/5 of the slave population would be
counted for the purpose of representation and in the
collection of taxes. Eventually overturned by the 14th
Amendment
Key Concepts 55 - 57
Key Concepts Group 4 Set 5
Tuesday, September 27, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
• Presidential Compromise
• Federalist Papers
• U. S. Constitution
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined
terms)
1.
What are the 1st ten amendments to the constitution
called?
2.
What is an income tax?
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Key Concepts 58 - 60
58. Presidential Compromise – the writers of the
Constitution did not trust the average person’s
judgment in electing a president. They felt the
president should be chosen by the country’s elite
59. Federalist Papers – a series of essays by Alexander
Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay urging
the adoption of the U.S. Constitution and
supporting the need for a strong national
government
60. U.S. Constitution – a document adopted by the 13
original states in 1788 that set up the United States
government that is still in existence today. It
contains the Bill of Rights and other amendments
that guarantee the rights of all persons in the U.S.
Key Concepts Group 5 Set 1
Wednesday, September 28, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
• Checks & Balances
• Separation of Powers
• Federalism
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition
notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1.
What are 3 of the 5 principles of the Constitution?
2.
What French philosopher believed in separation of
powers?
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Key Concepts 61 - 63
61. Checks and Balances – a major principle of
American government in which each of the three
branches of the federal government is given the
means to check the actions of the other two
branches
62. Separation of Powers – dividing of government
into three separate branches with different duties
and powers and the ability to act as a check on
each other’s powers
63. Federalism – a system in which the powers to
govern are shared between the national
government and state governments with the
national government having supremacy over state
governments
Key Concepts Group 5 Set 2
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
• Judicial Review
• Amendment
• Supremacy Clause
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition
notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1.
2.
What principle establishes that power is shared between the federal
and state governments?
What are 3 of the 5 examples of concurrent powers
held by both the federal and state governments?
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Key Concepts 64 - 66
64. Judicial review – the power of the courts to
determine the constitutionality of the actions of
the government, first established in Marbury v.
Madison
65. Supremacy Clause – found in Article IV, section 2,
of the Constitution. It establishes the federal
government superior over all state and local
governments. It also makes the Constitution as
the supreme law of the land, making it superior
over all levels of government
66. Amendment – written changes or additions to a
law or body of laws, such as the US Constitution
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Reflection
Topics
–
Due
Friday,
October
1. Is capitalism really the best economic system for the
United
States considering that 80% of all the money in
07,
2011
our country is owned by 20% of the citizenry?
2. What is so great about the "Great Compromise" and how
has it benefited all states (large and small)?
3. The original plan of government was for all citizens to
have an opportunity to serve the community at some
point in their life, but in recent history (over the last 60
years) many have become career politicians serving more
than 10 years in office, and/or switching offices. Do you
believe that career politicians have lost focus of their true
obligation of serving the needs of their constituents, why
or why not?
4. Do you believe in the principles of the Constitution?
Which one principle do you believe has had the greatest
impact on our everyday life, explain.
Key Concepts Group 5 Set 3
Friday, September 30, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or
Glossary.
•Consent of the Governed
•Individual Liberties
•Federal Union
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1.
2.
Who did the framers of the constitution intend to be the
most powerful branch of the government?
How long are the terms of Congress and how many
sessions does each term of Congress have?
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Key Concepts 67 - 69
67. Federal union – a system of government in
which authority is shared between the national
and state or other regional governments by a
written constitution, all levels of government
have the power to govern
68. Individual liberties – the are also known as
civil liberties and are defined as constitution
protections against certain government actions
69. Consent of governed – a concept of
government by which those governed
voluntarily agree to be governed by their
representatives
Key Concepts Group 5 Set 4
Monday, October 3, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
70.
Popular sovereignty – principle in which the people are the ultimate
source of any power given to the government
71. Limited government – in the natural rights philosophy, a system
restricted to protecting natural rights and that does not interfere with
other aspects of life
72. States’ rights – the doctrine that seeks to limit the power of the federal
government by interpreting the US Constitution in a way that stresses the
retained rights of the states and insists that the federal government was
granted only limited powers
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition
notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1.
2.
What are the smaller committees that deal with
specialized issues?
Who are the most powerful members of Congress?
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Group 4 Key Concepts Terms
1. Declaration of
Independence
2. Thomas Hobbs
3. John Locke
4. Baron de Montesquieu
5. Jean Jacques
Rousseau
6. Voltaire
7. Articles of
Confederation
8. New Jersey Plan
9. Virginia Plan
10. Three-Fifths
Compromise
11. Commerce
Compromise
12. Connecticut Plan
13. Presidential
Compromise
14. Federalist Papers
15. U. S. Constitution
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Key Concepts 70 - 72
70. Popular sovereignty – principle in which the
people are the ultimate source of any power
given to the government
71. Limited government – in the natural rights
philosophy, a system restricted to protecting
natural rights and that does not interfere with
other aspects of life
72. States’ rights – the doctrine that seeks to limit
the power of the federal government by
interpreting the US Constitution in a way that
stresses the retained rights of the states and
insists that the federal government was
granted only limited powers
Key Concepts Group 5 Set 5
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
55
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
73. Gettysburg Address – a speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln on
November 19 1863, at the dedication of a national cemetery at
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the site of a decisive Civil War battle
74. Supreme law of the land – The supremacy clause of Article IV of the
Constitution gives the Constitution governing power over all levels of
government in the US, making it the “supreme law of the land”
75. Delegated powers – These powers are also called expressed or
enumerated powers. They are directly granted to the federal
government by the Constitution in Article I, Section 8
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition
notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1.
2.
What clause allows Congress to stretch its powers to
meet its new needs?
What are the (2) steps that Congress uses to spend
money?
56
Key Concepts 73 - 75
73. Gettysburg Address – a speech delivered by
Abraham Lincoln on November 19 1863, at the
dedication of a national cemetery at Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, the site of a decisive Civil War battle
74. Supreme law of the land – The supremacy clause
of Article IV of the Constitution gives the
Constitution governing power over all levels of
government in the US, making it the “supreme law
of the land”
75. Delegated powers – These powers are also called
expressed or enumerated powers. They are
directly granted to the federal government by the
Constitution in Article I, Section 8
Key Concepts Group 6 Set 1
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
76. Concurrent powers – These are powers that are held by both the
federal and state governments
77. Reserved powers – These are powers that are neither granted to the
federal government nor expressly forbidden to the states and are
therefore retained by the state or by the people
78. Implied powers – These are the powers not specifically granted to
the federal government but are inferred to carry out its
responsibilities
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your Composition
notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1.
2.
What are (3) of Congress’ non-legislative powers?
What is the process in impeaching a federal official?
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Key Concepts 76 - 78
76. Concurrent powers – These are powers that are
held by both the federal and state governments
77. Reserved powers – These are powers that are
neither granted to the federal government nor
expressly forbidden to the states and are
therefore retained by the state or by the people
78. Implied powers – These are the powers not
specifically granted to the federal government
but are inferred to carry out its responsibilities
Key Concepts Group 6 Set 2
Thursday, October 6, 2011
59
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
79. Necessary and Proper Clause – gives Congress the power to make all
laws to carry out its responsibilities
80. Elastic Clause – gives Congress powers that can be reasonably
inferred from the brief wording of its expressed powers
81.
Denied powers – these are the powers expressly denied to the
federal government in Article 1, Section 9 and in the First through
Eighth Amendments.
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1.
Who can veto laws?
2.
How can Congress overturn a Presidential Veto
Notebook Check - Next Friday, October 14, 2011
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Key Concepts 79 - 81
79. Necessary and Proper Clause – gives Congress
the power to make all laws to carry out its
responsibilities
80. Elastic Clause – gives Congress powers that
can be reasonably inferred from the brief
wording of its expressed powers
81. Denied powers – these are the powers
expressly denied to the federal government in
Article 1, Section 9 and in the First through
Eighth Amendments.
Key Concepts Group 6 Set 3
Friday, October 7, 2011
61
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
. Item veto – It is also known as line-item veto, and is a power used by the
executive branch at some state levels, but not at the federal level, to veto one
or more provision of a bill while allowing the remainder of the bill to become
law
. Customs and traditions – over time a certain number of unwritten
practices have taken on strength of written law (the President’s cabinet even
though the Constitution doesn’t mention one). These also sometimes evolve
into written law (No president ran for a third term until FDR broke tradition)
As a result the 22nd Amendment was added limiting the president’s tenure to
two terms
. Impeachment – Formal charges brought against a public official for
misconduct or wrongdoing in office. The US House of Representatives, by
majority, vote brings charges or impeaches. Then the US Senate by a 2/3 vote
of Senators present, convict. Impeachment removes a public official from
office
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of your
Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
How old must Senators be to hold office?
Notebook Check - Next Friday, October 14, 2011
How long must a representative
be a citizen of the U.S.?
62
Key Concepts 82 - 84
82. Item veto – It is also known as line-item veto, and is a power used
by the executive branch at some state levels, but not at the federal
level, to veto one or more provision of a bill while allowing the
remainder of the bill to become law
83. Customs and traditions – over time a certain number of unwritten
practices have taken on strength of written law (the President’s
cabinet even though the Constitution doesn’t mention one).
These also sometimes evolve into written law (No president ran
for a third term until FDR broke tradition) As a result the 22nd
Amendment was added limiting the president’s tenure to two
terms
84. Impeachment – Formal charges brought against a public official
for misconduct or wrongdoing in office. The US House of
Representatives, by majority, vote brings charges or impeaches.
Then the US Senate by a 2/3 vote of Senators present, convict.
Impeachment removes a public official from office
Key Concepts Group 6 Set 4
Monday, October 10, 2011
63
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
85. Legislative branch – the branch of government that has the primary
responsibility for making laws. Article I of the Constitution
establishes this branch of the federal government, outlines its
functions and powers, and describes how laws should be made
86. Bicameral – a legislative branch that is made up of two chambers or
houses. Congress is composed of the House of Representatives and
the Senate
87. Unicameral – a legislative body that has only once legislative body
or house. Nebraska is the only state to have a one body legislature
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. How can learning civics improve your life?
Notebook Check - Next Friday, October 14, 2011
64
Key Concepts 85 - 87
85. Legislative branch – the branch of government
that has the primary responsibility for making
laws. Article I of the Constitution establishes
this branch of the federal government, outlines
its functions and powers, and describes how
laws should be made
86. Bicameral – a legislative branch that is made
up of two chambers or houses. Congress is
composed of the House of Representatives and
the Senate
87. Unicameral – a legislative body that has only
once legislative body or house. Nebraska is the
only state to have a one body legislature
Key Concepts Group 6 Set 5
Tuesday, October 11, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
88. Executive branch – The branch of the federal government whose
primary responsibility for carry in out the laws passed by the
legislative branch. It is headed by the President, Vice-President,
cabinet, executive departments, offices, corporations, and agencies.
Article II establishes this branch and outlines it powers and
functions
89. Judicial branch – Article III of the Constitution establishes this
branch of the federal government. It states that there shall be one
Supreme Court and give Congress the power to create lower courts
90. President – the elected head of the executive branch of the federal
government.
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. Who delivers messages and runs errands for congressman?
(see section 3 notes)
2. When does each congressional session begin?
65
66
Key Concepts 88 - 90
88. Executive branch – The branch of the federal
government whose primary responsibility for carry
in out the laws passed by the legislative branch. It
is headed by the President, Vice-President,
cabinet, executive departments, offices,
corporations, and agencies. Article II establishes
this branch and outlines it powers and functions
89. Judicial branch – Article III of the Constitution
establishes this branch of the federal government.
It states that there shall be one Supreme Court and
give Congress the power to create lower courts
90. President – the elected head of the executive
branch of the federal government.
Bell Buster
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Complete the “Find Out”
Questions on pg. 200 top
of the page
67
68
Key Concepts Group 7 Set 1
Monday, October 17, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
91. Presidential Responsibilities - The chief executive is responsible for
carrying out and enforcing laws and acts of Congress, decision of the
federal courts, and treaties signed by the US.
92. Presidential Powers – the ability to appoint top ranking officials,
grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesty; the commander in chief of
the armed forces; negotiate treaties, promote legislation, prepare a
budget, and veto legislation, call special sessions. The head of
his/her political party.
93. Vice President – an elected member of the executive branch of the
federal government whose responsibility is to take over the
presidency if the president becomes unable to perform his/her
duties or dies. The vice president is also to the president of the
Senate, casting only a tie-breaking vote, when needed
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. If you were the President of the United States, what would be on
major change you would endorse, and explain why?
69
Group 5 Key Concepts Terms
1. Gettysburg Address
2. Supreme Law of the
Land
3. Delegated Powers
4. State’s Rights
5. Limited Government
6. Popular Sovereignty
7. Consent of the
Governed
8. Individual Liberties
9. Federal Unions
10. Checks & Balances
11. Separation of Powers
12. Federalism
13. Judicial Review
14. Amendment
15. Supremacy Clause
70
Key Concepts 91 - 93
91. Presidential Responsibilities - The chief executive is
responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws and
acts of Congress, decision of the federal courts, and
treaties signed by the US.
92. Presidential Powers – the ability to appoint top
ranking officials, grant reprieves, pardons, and
amnesty; the commander in chief of the armed forces;
negotiate treaties, promote legislation, prepare a
budget, and veto legislation, call special sessions. The
head of his/her political party.
93. Vice President – an elected member of the executive
branch of the federal government whose responsibility
is to take over the presidency if the president becomes
unable to perform his/her duties or dies. The vice
president is also to the president of the Senate, casting
only a tie-breaking vote, when needed
71
Key Concepts Group 7 Set 2
Tuesday, October 18, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
94. Cabinet – an advisory group selected by the president to
assist with decision making. A cabinet is traditionally
composed of the heads of the executive departments and
other officers, all appointed by the president
95. Congress – the elected legislative branch of the federal
government. It is bicameral and consists of the House of
Representatives (number of Reps is based on population
from each state) and the Senate, whose members are
elected from each state (two per state). The main
responsibility is to make laws
96. Supreme Court – the highest level of the judicial branch
of the federal government, the main function is to
determine the constitutionality of laws and presidential
actions. It also serves as an appellate court
72
Key Concepts 94 - 96
94. Cabinet – an advisory group selected by the president
to assist with decision making. A cabinet is
traditionally composed of the heads of the executive
departments and other officers, all appointed by the
president
95. Congress – the elected legislative branch of the federal
government. It is bicameral and consists of the House
of Representatives (number of Reps is based on
population from each state) and the Senate, whose
members are elected from each state (two per state).
The main responsibility is to make laws
96. Supreme Court – the highest level of the judicial
branch of the federal government, the main function is
to determine the constitutionality of laws and
presidential actions. It also serves as an appellate
court
73
Key Concepts Group 7 Set 3
Tuesday, October 25, 2011
Define the following using your textbook’s Index and/or Glossary.
97. US District Courts – these are the lower level of the judicial branch
of the federal government, they serve as the trial courts
98. US Appeals Courts – these are the middle level of the judicial
branch. These courts are known as circuit courts of appeals, they
are the reviewing courts because they review the records of lower
court proceedings
99. Regulatory Agencies – an agency that is charged with creating and
implementing rule to regulate private activity and protect the public
interest in certain areas (Federal Communications Commission
(FCC))
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. What qualifications for President do you think are most necessary for
carrying out the duties of the office?
2. What happens to the office of the President if he/she is unable to
perform the duties to fulfill the position?
74
Key Concepts 97 - 99
97. US District Courts – these are the lower level of
the judicial branch of the federal government,
they serve as the trial courts
98. US Appeals Courts – these are the middle level
of the judicial branch. These courts are known
as circuit courts of appeals, they are the
reviewing courts because they review the
records of lower court proceedings
99. Regulatory Agencies – an agency that is
charged with creating and implementing rule
to regulate private activity and protect the
public interest in certain areas (Federal
Communications Commission (FCC))
75
Key Concepts Group 7 Set 4
Wednesday, October 26, 2011
Copy the following Key Concepts Terms
100.
Independent Agencies – a bureaucratic organization that reports
directly to the president and focuses on a single area (National
Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA))
101.
20th Amendment – ratified in 1933, it reset the date for
convening a term of Congress to January 3 of odd years, each
Congress is numbered and last for a period of two years. It also
changes the presidential inauguration date from March 4 to
January 20 in the year following the election
102.
22nd Amendment – ratified in 1951, it set the limit to two terms
or 10 years for the president
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. Based on your understanding of politics, what role does it (politics)
play in the appointment of presidential cabinet secretaries?
2. How much input do you believe presidential cabinet members should
have with the president, explain your response.
76
Key Concepts 100 - 102
100. Independent Agencies – a bureaucratic
organization that reports directly to the
president and focuses on a single area (National
Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA))
101. 20th Amendment – ratified in 1933, it reset the
date for convening a term of Congress to
January 3 of odd years, each Congress is
numbered and last for a period of two years. It
also changes the presidential inauguration date
from March 4 to January 20 in the year
following the election
102. 22nd Amendment – ratified in 1951, it set the
limit to two terms or 10 years for the president
77
Key Concepts Group 7 Set 5
Thursday, October 27, 2011
Copy the following Key Concepts Terms
103.
25th Amendment – ratified in 1967, it set up presidential
succession, it establishes that the vice president become president
if the office is vacant, and as the new president appoints with
Congressional approval, the new vice president
104.
Judicial review – the power of the courts to determine the
constitutionality of the actions of the executive, legislative, and
judicial branches of government. It was first established in
Marbury v Madison
105.
US Census – established by the Constitution which instructs
Congress to take a census every ten years
Answer the following (2) questions on the backside page of
your Composition notebook (other-side of defined terms)
1. Do you believe the office of President is a necessary office? Explain
why or why not?
2. As the president of the United States, what is one change you would
like to see made in the arena of Education or politics?
78
Key Concepts 103 - 105
103. 25th Amendment – ratified in 1967, it set up
presidential succession, it establishes that the
vice president become president if the office is
vacant, and as the new president appoints with
Congressional approval, the new vice president
104. Judicial review – the power of the courts to
determine the constitutionality of the actions of
the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
of government. It was first established in
Marbury v Madison
105. US Census – established by the Constitution
which instructs Congress to take a census every
ten years
79
Key Concepts Group 8 Set 1
Monday, October 31, 2011
Copy the following Key Concepts Terms
106.
107.
108.
Reapportionment – the redrawing of legislative district
lines for election of members to the US House of
Representatives in accordance with population
changes indicated by the census
Governor – the chief executive in state government
Gubernatorial Powers - the office usually includes the
ability to appoint people to state departments and
agencies, execution of state laws passed by the state
legislature, calling special sessions, vetoing and
recommending state legislation, also can pardon,
reprieve and parole
80
Reflection Topics – Due 11/04/2011
1. The Three Branches of Government - Why do we
have three branches and do you think it is
working?
2. What's up with "Checks and Balances?" Who is
really in Charge?
3. A Living Constitution! (Why is the constitution
considered to be a living document?)
4. Compromises, Why is compromise a good? (Talk
about all of the compromises - 3/5 Compromise
and Connecticut Compromise.
81
Focus – Focus – Focus - Focus
Sorry – Time is
Up. Let’s
Discuss
82
Key Concepts 106 - 108
106. Reapportionment – the redrawing of legislative
district lines for election of members to the US
House of Representatives in accordance with
population changes indicated by the census
107. Governor – the chief executive in state
government
108. Gubernatorial Powers - the office usually
includes the ability to appoint people to state
departments and agencies, execution of state
laws passed by the state legislature, calling
special sessions, vetoing and recommending
state legislation, also can pardon, reprieve and
parole
83
Key Concepts 109 - 111
109. Lieutenant governor – a state official who
acts as governor should the governor be
absent from the state, become disabled or die
110. Attorney General – a state official usually
elected who is a member of the state’s
executive branch and heads the Justice
Department. He/she handles lawsuits
involving the state and its officials and deals
with local prosecutors
111. Legislature – the body of state government
whose primary responsibility is to make state
laws. All but one state has a bicameral one
except Nebraska which has a unicameral one
84
Key Concepts 112 - 114
112. State court system – the judicial branch of
state government that is usually organized
around three levels of courts, state trial
courts, state appellate courts and state
supreme court
113. Mayor council – a plan for city government
in which the mayor is elected chief executive
and the council is the legislative branch
114. City Manager – an official appointed by an
elected city council to administer city
government
85
Key Concepts 115 - 117
115. Commission plan – a plan for municipal
government that consists of a commission of
three to nine members who have both
legislative and executive powers
116. District attorney – an attorney who initiates
and conducts legal action on behalf of the
government especially in criminal
proceedings
117. District court – on the bottom tier of the
court system in both the US and State
judicial systems, which are the trial courts
86
Key Concepts 118 – 120
118. Clerk of Court – the official who registers
and records documents such as deeds,
mortgages, birth and death certificates, and
divorce decrees; also referred to as the
county clerk
119. Sheriff – official who maintains the jail and
serves as the police official in areas of the
country/parish that are outside city limits
120. Police jury/Parish council – a governing
board of local counties/parishes whose
primary powers are generally legislative and
executive, its members are usually elected
from districts
87
Key Concepts 121 - 123
121.
122.
123.
Parish council authority – powers include; passing of health and zoning ordinances, collecting taxes,
appropriating funds, administering the courts, jails, hospitals, roadways, welfare programs and elections.
Assessor – an official that sets value on taxable property in the county/parish
Coroner – an official who investigates violent deaths and deaths not witnessed by a doctor
88
Key Concepts 124 - 126
124.
125.
126.
Ward/precinct – the smallest voting district at the local level
Parish seat – a town or city in the parish where the parish government resides
Charter – a document issued by a government that grants rights to a person, group of persons, or a
corporation to carry on a certain activity
89
Key Concepts 127 - 132
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
Proposition – a procedure by which voters can propose a change in state and local laws by means of gathering
signatures on a petition and submitting it to the legislature for approval or gathering signatures on a petition to
place it on the ballot for voter approval
Home rule – the power of local governments to do anything not prohibited by the Constitution, federal laws,
the state constitution, or state laws
Statute – a written law passed a legislative branch of government
Ordinance – a written law that are passed by city councils or local governing bodies
Infrastructure – the system of roads, bridges, water & sewage
The Bill of Rights – the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, designed as a protection to individual
freedoms. They were adopted two years after the Constitution went into effect
90
Key Concepts 133 - 138
133. First Amendment – this amendment provides for the freedom of
religion, speech, press, and assembly
134. Freedom of speech – the right of citizens to freely express their
opinions without the fear of punishment from the government.
135. Slander – making false speech intended to damage a person’s
reputation
136. Libel – the printing or publishing of false statements intended to
damage a person’s reputation.
137. Freedom of Press – allows for the free circulation of ideas in
newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, and movies.
138. Prior restraint – the government cannot censor information
before it is published or broadcast
91
Key Concepts 139 - 144
139. Freedom of Religion – the government cannot establish a national
religion, and it allows for individuals practice the religion of their
choice
140. Establishment Clause - the government cannot establish a
national religion.
141. Free Exercise Clause – the government cannot prohibit
individuals from exercising their religious beliefs
142. Freedom of Assembly – the first for individuals and groups to
hold peaceful demonstration to advertise their beliefs
143. Second Amendment – the right for citizens to own firearms, but
Congress has the right to regulate the sale of weapons.
144. Third Amendment – prohibits the government from forcing
people to provide shelter for soldiers in their homes unless certain
conditions are clearly spelled out by law
92
Key Concepts 145 - 150
145. Fourth Amendment – written to protect early Americans’ right to
privacy. It requires authorities to have a specific reason to search a
premise or to seize evidence or people.
146. Probable Cause – the idea that a search must be based on reasonable
basis to believe the person or premise is linked to a crime.
147. Search warrant – an order signed by a judge describing a specific place to
be searched for specific items or naming individuals to be arrested for a
specific crime
148. Bail – a sum of money an arrested person pays to a court to win release
from jail while awaiting for trial
149. Fifth Amendment – this amendment contains four important
protections. First, no person can be tried unless a grand jury decides
there is enough evidence to justify a trial. Second, a person found
innocent may not be retried again for the same offense. Third, no one
can be forced to testify against themselves. Fourth, the government may
not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process.
150. Due process – The government must follow proper constitutional
procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals.
93
Key Concepts 151 - 156
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
Eminent domain – the power of the government to take private property for public
use. The government must pay a fair price for the property and use it in a way that
benefits the public
Sixth Amendment – protects the rights of individuals charged with a federal crime
to defend themselves in a court trial, it also applies to state crimes. Gives
individuals the right to a fair and speedy trial by an impartial jury, the right to
know the charges against them, right to hear and question witnesses, and the right
to be defended by attorney
Seventh Amendment – provides the right to a jury trial in federal courts to settle
all disputes about property worth more than $20
Eighth Amendment – prohibits excessive bail that the accused deposits with the
court to gain release from jail until the trial. The judge sets the bail in an amount
that the accused will appear for trial. It is returned when the trial ends.
Ninth Amendment – states that all other rights not spelled out in the Constitution
are “retained by the people”
Tenth Amendment – reaffirms the relationship between the national and state
governments. It confirms the people and states have the rights that the national
government my not assume
94
Key Concepts 157 - 162
157. Eleventh Amendment – prohibits a state from being sued in
federal court by citizens of another state or of another nation
158. Twelfth amendment – required presidential electors to vote
separately for president and vice president
159. Thirteenth Amendment – abolished slavery
160. Fourteenth Amendment – grants citizenship for all person born
or naturalized in the United States; banned states from denying
any person life, liberty, or property without due process of law; an
banned states from denying any person equal protection under
the laws
161. Fifteenth Amendment – extended voting rights to African
American males by outlawing denial of the right to vote on the
basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
162. Sixteenth Amendment – empowers Congress to levy an income
tax
95
Key Concepts 163 - 168
163. Seventeenth Amendment – provided the election of U.S. Senators
by direct popular vote instead of by the state legislatures
164. Eighteenth Amendment – Authorized Congress to prohibit the
manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor
165. Nineteenth Amendment – extended voting right to women
166. Twentieth Amendment – known as the lame duck amendment,
shortened the length of time between a presidential election and
inauguration, and set the new date for the opening of Congress
167. Twenty-first Amendment – repeals the unsuccessful eighteenth
Amendment and allows for the consumption, manufacturing, and
sale of liquor
168. Twenty-Second Amendment – sets the maximum of two elected
terms or ten years for a president
96
Key Concepts 169 - 174
169. Twenty-third Amendment – allows citizens living in Washington
D.C. to vote for president and vice president and assigns the
District three electoral votes
170. Twenty-fourth Amendment – prohibits a poll tax in federal
election, it was often used in the south to prevent African
Americans from voting.
171. Twenty-fifth Amendment – establishes the line of succession, the
process of filling vacancies for president and vice president
172. Twenty-sixth Amendment – lowers the voting age to anyone 18
and over in state and federal elections
173. Twenty-seventh Amendment – makes congressional pay raises
effective during the term following their passage
174. Code of Hammurabi – the earliest known collection of laws that
spelled out the relationships among individuals as well as
punishments in areas that we now call property, family, civil, and
criminal law
97
Key Concepts 175 - 180
175. Jurisprudence – the science of studying the law
176. Contract – a set of voluntary promises, enforceable by the law,
between two parties who agree or not agree to do something
177. Plaintiff – the person who brings the charges in a civil lawsuit
178. Defendant – the person who the lawsuit is being filed against
179. Writ of Habeas Corpus – requires an official who has arrested
someone to bring them to court and explain why he or she is being
held
180. Bill of Attainder – a law that punishes a person accused of a crime
without a trial or fair hearing in court
98
Key Concepts 181 - 186
181. Ex Post Facto Law – a law that would allow a person to be
punished for an action that was not against the law when it was
committed
182. Summons – an official notice of the lawsuit that includes the date,
time, and place of the initial court appearance
183. Affidavits – a written statement to verify or prove statements of
fact that have been signed by the witnesses under oath
184. Crime – an act that breaks the criminal law and causes injury or
harm to people or society in general
185. Misdemeanors – a crime that causes a person to be fined or jailed
for usually one year or less
186. Felony – a crime that causes a person to be jailed for a period of
one year or more
99
Key Concepts 187 - 192
187. Arraignment – a judge reads the formal charges
against the defendant in an open court room
188. Verdict – the decision of a jury or a judge in a case
189. Personal Rights – These are rights that include both
human rights and civil rights and are guaranteed by
the United States Constitution
190. Economic Rights – the rights are those that provide a
person with the opportunity to work
191. Political Rights – the rights are those that guarantee a
person the right to participate in the government such
as voting rights and due process
192. Patriotism – the love and loyal support of one’s
country
100
Key Concepts 193 - 198
193. Extradition – a process by which a fugitive suspected of a crime is
returned to the jurisdiction of the prosecuting state
194. Political Parties – a group of organized citizens with a broad set of
common beliefs who join together to elect candidates to public
office and determine public policy
195. Two-Party System – a political system in which two strong and
established political parties compete for political office
196. Third Party – political parties other than the two major parties
usually composed of dissatisfied groups that have split from the
major parties
197. Primary Elections – an election held before the general election in
which candidates from the same party compete for the party
nomination
198. General Elections – a regularly scheduled statewide elections at
which voters make the final selection for public office-holders
101
Key Concepts 199 - 204
199. Run-off Election – a repeat election between two front runners in a prior
election when no candidate has received a majority of votes, this election
requires a majority vote
200. Electoral College – the group of electors who are selected by the voters in
each state to officially elect the president and vice president, the number
of electors equals the states Congressional representation
201. Independent Voter – a voter who does not identify with or regularly
support a particular political party
202. Australian Ballot – known as a secret ballot this is prepared, distributed,
and tabulated by government officials at pubic expense and allows voters
to cast their ballot in private
203. Campaign – an organized, planned action for the purpose for getting a
candidate elected and allowing that candidate to become known to voters
204. Platform – the candidate’s or political party’s declaration of beliefs in
areas such as crime, drug abuse, education
102
Key Concepts 205 - 210
205. National Convention – the major political parties are held where
thousands of delegates adopt the official party platform and decided who
will be the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates
206. Role of media – helps the candidates become familiar to the public
through television, newspaper and radio; also they are responsible for
informing the public of government actions and election results
207. Special Interest Groups – organizations made up of people who share
common objectives and who actively attempt to influence government
policymakers through direct and indirect means
208. Political Action Committees – groups that organize to collect money and
provide financial support for political candidates
209. Lobbyists – a representative of an organized lobby who handles the
group’s lobbying effort
210. Card Stacking – a propaganda technique that attempts to persuade
people to support a candidate or issue by making the positive
characteristics far outweigh the negative
103
Key Concepts 211 - 216
211. Bandwagon – a propaganda technique that attempts to persuade
people to support a candidate or issue because large numbers of
other people are supposedly doing so
212. Testimonial – a propaganda technique that involves persuading
people to support an issue or candidate because well-known
individuals; prominent government officials or famous
entertainers
213. Plain Folks – a method of propaganda that attempts to attract
people to a political figure by portraying him/her as just an
average American
214. Association – a propaganda technique that involves associating a
candidate with a respected person, group, or symbol
215. Glittering – a propaganda method that uses broad, sweeping
statements that sound impressive but have little real meaning
216. Name Calling – A propaganda method that attaches a negative or
unpopular label to a person to discredit that person’s public image
104
Key Concepts 217 - 222
217. Taxes – a sum of money a person is required to pay to a
government
218. Fines – a sum of money paid to government as punishment for a
failing to obey government regulations or laws
219. Licenses – a document granted by government that gives a person
the right to do some activity
220. User Fee – a government’s charge for services of the use of public
facilities
221. Proportional Tax – a system by which taxpayers pay a fixed
percentage of every dollar of income, when income increase the
tax increases
222. Progressive Tax – it is the tax that increases as incomes rise
105
Key Concepts 223 - 228
223. Regressive Tax – it is a tax that decreases as incomes rise
224. Social Security Tax – paid through payroll by employees while
working to receive benefits after retirement
225. Sales Tax – a tax levied as a proportion of the retail price of any
good when it is sold
226. Tariffs – a tax that the government levies on imported goods
227. Foreign Relations – any relationship that the United States has
with another country
228. Diplomacy – the process by which governments of countries
establish and maintain political relations with each other
106
Key Concepts 229 - 234
229.Diplomatic Recognition – the power of the president to
accept the legal existence of another country’s
government, this is required before a relations or
negotiations between countries
230.Conflicts – the disagreement of two or more countries
231. Summit Meetings – a conference between the heads of
two or more nations
232.Embassies – the official residence and offices of an
ambassador
233.Ambassador – a diplomat of high rank who represents
his/her government to a foreign country
234.Treaty – a formal agreement between the governments
of two or more countries
107
Key Concepts 235 – 240
235. Interdependence – a condition of individuals, organizations, and
nations being dependent upon another
236. United Nations – an organization of members whose purpose is to
preserve world peace and encourage just action between nations
237. Trade – the exchange of goods, services or natural resources
among countries
238. Balance of Trade – relationship between the value of a nation’s
exports and the value of its imports in a given year is equal
239. Trade Deficit – when a country has a negative balance of trade
meaning it imports more than it exports
240. Trade Surplus – when a country has a favorable balance of trade
meaning it exports more than it imports
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Key Concepts 241 - 246
241. Economic Sanction – refusal to trade with a foreign country as
means of expressing disapproval of that country’s political or
economic policies
242. Isolationism – a political policy of noninvolvement in world
affairs
243. Protectionism – a country’s policy of protecting all its political,
economic, and military interests in its relationships wit other
countries
244. Sanction – a measure in which a government with-holds trade
benefits, supplies, or economic aid to pressure a foreign
government to cease certain activities
245. Embargo – a law or government order prohibiting trade with a
foreign country
246. Neutrality – a position of not being aligned with either side in a
dispute or conflict
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Key Concepts 247 - 251
247. Strategic Interest – a country’s interest in a specific
political, economic, or military activities of another
country
248.National Security – a nations independence and
freedom from unwanted interference, threat, or
takeover by another nation
249.Peace Keeping – a policy of maintaining peace,
security, justice, and cooperation in solutions of
international problems
250.Foreign Aid – from one country to another in the form
of money, weapons, troops, workers
251. NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
approved in 1993 to extend free trade across North
America