Transcript Unit 7 - Class Home Page

Unit 7
Cities & Urban Land Use
Need to Know
Phase 1
Borchet’s Urban Transportation Epochs
• Def: The idea that a city’s size and character is
heavily affected by the modes of
transportation of any given era.
– Horse & wagon epoch
– Regional railroad epoch
– National railroad epoch
– Automobile & airplane epoch
• Sig: We could use infrastructure planning to
affect the city.
CBD (central business district)
• The “downtown” where
businesses (services) have
out bid manufacturers and
residents.
• It costs more but business
have access to a larger
market and can benefit from
agglomeration
Central-Place Theory (Christaller)
• A theory that explains the number
and size of settlements in an urban
hierarchy based on the fact that
settlements serve as centers of
market areas (hexagonal shapes)
• Smaller towns will perform lowerorder functions (bread) while large
cities will perform higher-order
functions (banking)
Edge City
• Cities that popped up around the beltway to
serve the suburbs (Initially just basic services
but eventually manufacturing and office
parks)
• Often leads to lateral commuting (along the
beltway) or even counter commuting (from
the inner city)
Ex: Burbank & Century City
Galactic City
• Refers to the sprawled out city where the
majority of the people and the jobs lie in the
periphery rather than the CBD. (Think Periphery
Model)
• It includes the urban, suburban & exurban areas
Market Area
• The area where the consumers of an
enterprise are located.
• Market areas for low-order goods will be small
(low range), high-order markets will be large
(large range).
Mega Cities
• Very large cities often with primacy &
centrality (though are not necessarily world
cities). The term ofted refers to large LDC
cities.
• Bangkok, Cairo & Mexico City
Megalopolis
• When large cities join together or overlap
(AKA conurbation)
• Ex: Northeast corridor (D.C. to Boston), Great
Lakes (Chicago to Pittsburgh) & West Coast
(San Francisco to San Diego)
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
• It includes an urbanized area, its county and
any adjacent counties with high interactivity
(at least 50% of residents work in urban area)
• Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA
Primate City
• Non rank-size rule country where the largest
city is more than twice as large as the secondranking city (e.g. France & Argentina)
• It often occurs in small countries or those with
a short history of urbanization, an export
orientation/recent colonial connection or a
recent border change.
Rank-Size Rule
• The second largest city is ½ as large as the first
and the third largest city is 1/3 as large as the
first, and so on (e.g. the US).
• These states do not have a primate city.
Suburbanization
• The movement of people from the inner rings
of the city to the less dense, more affluent
outer rings.
• It was encouraged by the highway system,
which made it possible for commuting.
Sprawl
• The tendency for American cities to grow
outward (suburbs and exurbs)
• Urban sprawl has led to the decline of arable
land and auto traffic
Urban Hierarchy
1. World Cities (NYC & London)
2. Command and Control Centers: regional
centers, HQ of large TNCs (Boston & Phoenix)
3. Specialized Producer-Service Centers: city offers
a more narrow array of services (e.g. Detroit’s
auto)
4. Dependent Centers: relatively low skilled
services & are dependent on the health of the
world cities (Las Vegas, Buffalo & San Diego)
World City
• Integrated into the world economy as the
center of the flow of info & capital
• First tier: NY, London & Tokyo
• Second tier: LA, Brussels, Paris, Singapore &
Sao Paulo, etc.
• Third tier: Miami, San Francisco, Milan,
Mumbai, Mexico City, etc.
Should Also Know
Phase 1
Boomburgs
• Def: Suburban communities that have popped
up rapidly over the past few decades.
• Sig: They have the numbers to be ities among
themselves but lack the core associated with
large cities.
Centrality
• When the political, economic & cultural
functions of the city are disproportionate to
their population
• Ex. Bangkok makes up only 12% of the Thai
population, but it makes up 75% of its
manufacturing
Counterurbanization
• Migration from large metropolitan areas to
smaller metropolitan areas (safer, cheaper
housing, better schools)
• It often leads to more traffic & a declining tax
base for the city)
• More common in the core due to greater
communication & transportation
infrastructure (N.A. & Europe)
Entrepôt
• A port city that serves as an intermediary or a
hub for goods shipped between cities.
• Singapore
Gravity Model
• It is used to predict human movement
(migration, commuting or shopping range)
• A service will locate where there is a large
number of people (high threshold) and a short
distance to travel (range)
Hinterlands
• Urban geography: The area outside of the city
that a central place serves in terms of services
(its market area). It’s the urban center’s zone
of influence.
• Agro geography: the outer rings of Von
Thünen's model that produce for the city
Food Deserts
• Def: regions within the cities that lack fresh
produce and healthy foods (but have plenty of
fast food outlets and processed foods).
• Sig: Critics argue that food deserts lead to
obesity and health problems among the urban
poor
Greenfield Sites
• Def: Land that has yet to be developed.
• Ex: The greenfields are at the periphery of the
city so developing these sites leads to urban
sprawl. Critics argue that new development
should take place within the older core by
“infilling” or developing on former industrial
sites (brownfields).
Threshold & Range
1) Threshold -- the minimum market (number of
people) needed to bring a firm or city selling
goods and services into existence and to keep
it in business
2) Range -- the average maximum distance
people will travel to purchase goods and
services
* Used with Christaller’s centralplace theory
Uptowns
• Def: Residential areas of the city that are away
from downtowns.
• Ex: suburbs (though industry and commerce
have moved to the suburbs over the past few
decades too).
Urban Growth Rate
• The change in urbanization levels
• The periphery is currently experiencing high
urban growth rates, while the core’s growth
has stabilized
Urbanization
1. Increase in the number of people living in the
cities
– The periphery has the largest urban settlements
(8 of top 10)
2. Increase in the percentage of people living in
the cities
– The core has the highest percentage of urban
residence
Need to Know
Phase 2
Brownfields
• Def: Vacant sites that were previously
occupied by industry and consequently are
polluted or not easily converted to
commercial or residential uses.
• Sig: These sites make it more difficult to
develop the core through “infilling.”
Concentric zone model (Burgess)
• CBD: business services
• Zone of Transition:
manufacturing & low cost
housing
• Zone of Independent Workers’
Homes: modest, working class
housing
• Zone of Better Residences:
spacious middle class housing
• Commuters’ Zone: spacious
suburban housing
Filtering
• The process where a neighborhood’s value
decreases, allowing lower income residence to
move in and eventually out (invasion &
succession).
• Large, formerly expensive houses are
subdivided and rented out. The houses are
not kept up and eventually abandoned.
Gentrification
• Reverse filtering where higher income people
move into lower value neighborhoods (often
by young professionals without kids).
• The new money attracts shops & renewal (and
displacement of low income residents).
Green Belts
• Government mandated green outer ring of a
city that cannot be developed to prevent
urban sprawl.
• Common in Europe (e.g. London)
Informal Sector
• Economic activities that are not known about
& taxed by the government. Provides a
smaller tax base for infrastructure.
• Common in the LDC
Infrastructure
• Fundamental prerequisites for industry &
trade (Transportation, communications, labor,
financial, etc.)
• Sig: colonial infrastructure focused on
extraction and export of raw materials (est.
dependency)
Latin American Urban Model
• Spine: high-end offices
connect CBD & the mall
(zoos, parks, etc)
• Elite sector surrounds the
spine
• Middle class sector
surrounds the elite sector
• Squatter settlements are in
the periphery
Mixed-use Development
• Def: Multi-story buildings that serve as
residential and commercial spaces. Usually the
street level floor is reserved for commerce
while the floors above are residential.
• Sig: This will allow for greater density and less
urban sprawl.
Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris &
Ullman)
• Multiple nodes
emerge that
attract different
types of people
& services
• A university
node will attract
coffee shops,
pizzarias, &
young people
• AKA, urban
realms model
New Urbanism
• Attempt by urban planners to stop sprawl and
return to urban-like living (AKA smart growth).
• A community will include offices, shops &
mixes residential communities. It encourages
pedestrian traffic.
Peripheral model (Harris)
• N.A. cities have sprawled out due to our desire for
homeownership, safe neighborhoods & good
schools. Nodes/edge cities emerge in the beltway.
Sector Model (Hoyt)
• Due to transportation or environmental
factors, or by chance, different parts of the
inner rings will develop unique qualities. As
the city builds farther out, the peculiarities
will remain.
• Ex: Wealthier housing will be built as an
extension of the already wealthy
neighborhood, creating a sector that stretches
from the original CBD to the outer ring
Sector Model (Hoyt)
Smart Growth
• Def: Growth that focuses on greater density
over urban sprawl. It includes mixed-use
buildings & public transportation, etc..
• Ex: Park La Brea & Playa Vista (higher density
housing with walkable amenities (local
restaurants, libraries, parks, etc).
Squatter Settlements
• Outer rings of LDC cities made up of informal
housing (often without sewage & electricity).
• (AKA Favelas & Barriadas)
Urban Realm Model
• The urban realm refers
to the city that has
outgrown its reliance on
the CBD.
Should also Know
Phase 2
Census data
• Def: data collected from the census bureau
every 10 years (and lesser studies in between).
• Sig: They allow us to know who lives where
and observe trends.
Commuter Zone
• The outer ring or the suburbs.
Land is cheaper (for the
amount of space). It’s
considered safer and the
schools are seen as better
(except for that well regarded
urban school, Hamilton).
• Residents must commute to
downtown or laterally for jobs
Density Gradient
• Cities density used to decay from the CBD
(inner ring was the most dense, outer ring the
least dense)
• Today, most US cities are seeing an increase in
density in the outer rings and a decrease in
the inner rings.
Disamenity Zones
• Def: regions within the city where residents
avoid.
• Ex: railroad yards, factories, flood plains.
Female-Headed Household
• Single mom with kids
• Female-headed households are often in low
income parts of the city (cannot afford the
money & time to commute from the outer
ring)
Field Studies
• Def: Studies that use direct observation over
quantitative aggregation.
• Sig: Often these studies are more limited in
scope but provide a richer understanding.
Filtering (filter process)
• Def: The process of decline (in both quality of
living and population numbers) of the inner
rings of a city.
• Ex: Large victorian style homes by USC that
have been subdivided to multiple low income
families or students. The homes are not kept
up leading to vacancies. The blight spreads to
nearby blocks.
In-filling
• The attempt by urban planners to use up the
low density places within the city rather than
sprawling outward (convert abandoned
factories into lofts)
• An attempt to reverse the problems
associated with urban sprawl
Gated Communities
• Def: Residential neighborhoods enclosed by
gates and guarded. They often entail strict
living codes and are found in the outer rings of
the city.
• Sig: Critics say they further segregate the city.
Lateral Commuting
• Moving along well established periphery (or
commuter zone) rather than commuting to the
CBD
Postindustrial city
• Cities of the core that have moved away from
manufacturing and towards the high-value
service sector
• Often associated with middle class, high levels
of education & liberalism
• Ex: San Francisco, Boston & Seattle
Redlining
• The practice by banks of not investing in
certain neighborhoods believed to be in
decline (no home loans). The practice would
promote decline.
• Often the neighborhoods were majority black.
Urban Morphology (or Form)
• Study of how cities are
structured.
• Latin American city (right)
• Islamic City
• European City
• North American City:
burgess, sector, multiple
nuclei, peripheral, etc.
Zone in Transition
• The ring next to the CBD. It has industrial and
residential uses and is often in decline.
• Inner ring of the concentric zone mode.
Zones of Abandonment (Blight)
• Def: regions of the city that have declined so
much (often through the filtering out process)
that they have been thoroughly abandoned by
owners and renters.
• Sig: Taken over by squatters making it that
much harder to redevelop.
Additional terms that you
may want to look at.
Bid-Rent Theory
• Land cost more at the center
because it gives
people/businesses access to
services/markets.
• So, services outbid manufacturers
and residents in the center (CBD).
• Low income people tend to live
in/near the “zone of transition”
where land is densely populated
and close to the jobs.
• Middle & high income people live
farther out where land is cheaper
& spacious, yet farther from jobs
Colonial City
• Cities established by European states in their
colonies (sometimes by building on top of an
indigenous city, e.g. Mexico City)
• Cities were designed to be
administrative/military cities (Mexico City) or
gateway/commercial cities (Sao Paulo)
Early City
• Urban hearths or original cities
• Mesopotamia, Egypt, Northern China,
Mesoamerica & Andean America
Economic Base
• Basic Industries: export to consumers outside
of the community (important because they
bring in money & stimulate more non-basic
jobs)
• Non-basic Industries: they serve the
community itself (e.g. supermarket); nonbasic are also called “ubiquitous industries”
Gateway City
• A settlement which acts as a link between two
areas.
• Sao Paulo was a gateway city between
Portugal & inner Brazil (in order to extract
resources)
High-tech corridors
• Regions where high-tech firms have
agglomerated
• Ex: Silicon Valley, Bangalor, India
Medieval Cities
• Cities during the Middle Ages (often
surrounded by a wall)
• Usually designed for religion/academics,
military fortification or administrative centers
Street Patterns
• East Coast: irregular, following the metes &
bounds custom of England
• Southwest: Spanish King mandated that all towns
were to be built around a center square & church
• Philadelphia: Penn created township-&-range
style regular street patterns (used by most cities)
• Post-WWII: developments adopted a meandering
fake metes & bounds pattern (though still
regular)
Urban Specialization
• Cities often specialize in different sectors or
functions (AKA, splintering urbanism) due to
agglomeration
• Ex: Boston & San Jose (computing); Las Vegas,
Reno & Atlantic City (recreation); LA, NY,
Chicago & San Francisco (business services)