Transcript Key Events in International System Development

KEY EVENTS IN INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
KEY EVENTS
 The
Beginning
 18th & 19th Centuries
 20th & 21st Centuries
THE BEGINNING
Why is this building, the
Friedensaal, significant
to international relations?
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
Signed in 1648- ended the 30 Years War
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA-1648
3 things came out of the Treaty:
Sovereignty
States
System
MULTIPOLAR SYSTEM OF EUROPE
Power
Pole
Power
Pole
Power
Pole
Growing
Power
4+ Power Poles =
Multipolar System
Growing
Power
Power
Pole
TH
18
&
TH
19
CENTURIES
EVOLUTION OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Raison d’état (‘Requirements of the State’)
Divine Right of Kings


Challenges to raison d’état


‘Popular’ sovereignty
American, French Revolutions
http://dm-fa.org/academic/gerome2.html#11
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/13/156722719/let-them-eat-kale-vegetarians-and-the-french-revolution
EUROPEAN DOMINATION
Scientific & Technological Advances



Naval Technology
Guns & Gunpowder
Industrial Revolution

Need to expand
Colonialism & Imperialism

What are these?


¤
Berlin Conference (1884-85)
Where?
THE AMERICAS
AFRICA
Britain
France
Germany
Italy
Belgium
Portugal
ASIA
Britain
Netherlands
France
U.S.
Japan
Russia
THE SUN NEVER SETS
TH
20
&
ST
21
CENTURIES
WWI
 Treaty

of Versailles
War Reparations
 League
of Nations
 Empires end


Ottoman
Austro-Hungarian
Among the terms of the Versailles Treaty were:
• Surrender of all German colonies
• Return disputed territories to France, Belgium, Lithuania,
Czechoslovakia, and Poland
• German reparations of £6,600 million (~ US 10.7 B)
• An acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war
• Limit army and navy troop sizes
• No tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no
aircraft , no airships, naval vessels under 100,000 tons, no
submarines
Germany signed the Versailles Treaty under protest. The US
Congress refused to ratify the treaty.
Excerpt from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWversailles.htm
¤
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gap_in_the_Bridge.gif
OTTOMAN EMPIRE FROM 1807-1924
When the war started, the Ottoman Empire included:
• All of Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Macedonia, Malta, Romania, Slovenia, Syria, Turkey
• Large parts of Egypt, Iraq, Libya
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE 1867–1918
• All of Austria, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, the
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia,
• Parts of Romania, Poland, Germany, Italy, Ukraine
POST - WWI
 Rise

of Communist Russia
Bolshevik Revolution
 Rise
of German nationalism
Either Death to Capitalism or Death by Capitalism
POST - WWI
 The
Great Depression
 Munich Conference
 Sudetenland

Appeasement Policy

Rising Soviet Union
Neville Chamberlain
‘appeasing’ Hitler, 1938
WWII
 European
Theater of Operations
 Pacific Theater of Operations
POST - WWII
Bretton Woods Conference -1944
 Int’l Monetary Fund (IMF)


Financial stability
World Bank (WB)

¤
Development
POST - WWII
United Nations- 1945


Purpose
Structure
 UN General Assembly

Secretary General
UN Security Council
 5 + 10 = 15
 Saudi says no
Issues


Security
 Human Rights
 Environment

¤
POST - WWII
UN Charter
 Self-determination

US/ SU push
 Decolonization
¤
http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Newsom/newsom-con3.html
US V. SU= BIPOLAR SYSTEM
Growing
Power
Growing
Power
Superpower
Pole
Superpower
Pole
2 Power Poles =
Bipolar System
Growing
Power
Growing
Power
COLD WAR ERA
 U.S.

Containment
Korea, Vietnam
 Cuban
Missile Crisis -1962
 Nixon goes to China -1972
 ‘Globalization’ begins
 Berlin Wall is torn down -1989

Eastern Bloc follows
 Fall


¤
of the Soviet Union -1991
Back to multipolar system
NATO
SOVIET EMPIRE 15 COUNTRIES
POST-CW ERA AND NATO
Why is the Baltic situation compared to the Sudetenland?
 Native-speaking Russians
 Estonia = 25%
 Latvia = 27%
 Lithuania = 6% - but– Kaliningrad factor
 Fear


annex by Russia to protect ‘local’ population
Russia  Ukraine (Crimea annex)
 Latvian Russians support annexation (2 in 3)
Poland also concerned
 Want


¤
EU, NATO to do more
Tougher sanctions
Need alternative gas supply
21ST CENTURY ECONOMY
 Economic


GN-many colonizers
GS- almost all colonized
 European




¤
Union - 1992
Expansion
Adoption of euro -1999
Global recession - 2008
 Eurocrisis - 2010
 World

division
Trade Organization (WTO) -1995
WTO at 15
Free trade
3:22
21ST CENTURY SECURITY
 9/11 -2001
 War

on Terror
Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003)
 North

Korea
Concerns
¤
http://www.americanprogress.org/cartoon/2007/08/20/12264/the-war-on-terror-an-update/
21ST CENTURY SECURITY
 Arab
Spring -2011
 Syria


About conflict
Assad regime
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring
21ST CENTURY SECURITY
Jihadism- ‘struggle’
 Islamic extremists



al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas
al-Shabab- Somalia
Boko Haram- Nigeria

‘against Western education’
 Islamic
State (IS)
 Iraq, Syria
¤
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-29063111
21ST CENTURY SECURITY
 Ukraine


Crimea annexed
Eastern revolt
 Ebola
outbreak
 DR Congo
¤
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28755033
http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21579521new-un-intervention-force-eastern-congo-has-most-robust
THE CONGO CONFLICT
Who was in conflict in the DR
Congo?
 Congo government
 M23


 UN
Tutsi rebels/ ‘freedom’
fighters
Supported by Rwanda,
Uganda
peacekeeping mission
(since 1999)


Offensive strategy
 Armed reinforcements
Soldiers from SA,
Tanzania, Malawi
¤
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20586792
THE CONGO CONFLICT
Why is SA’s interest?
 Regional power, influence
Why are UN troops intervening in the DR Congo conflict?
 Own humiliation
 Need armed reinforces who can fight
 End human rights violations

¤
Murder, rape, torture, displacement, looting
THE CONGO CONFLICT
Why is this UN intervention significant?
 1st time UN intervening with counter-insurgency
tactics

UN Force Intervention Brigade (FIB)
Defeated rebels in ~ 6 months
 Likely to use again

¤
http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33195:unforce-intervention-brigade-ready-for-robust-action&catid=56:diplomacy-a-peace&Itemid=111
KEY EVENTS RECAP
 The

Beginning
Treaty of Westphalia
 18th
& 19th Centuries
Shift in sovereignty
 Technological advances
 Colonization

 20th
& 21st Centuries
World wars, Cold War
 Post-Cold War events
