Transcript Slide 1
Disaster Preparedness
For Public Transit Systems
Transportation Research Board
87th Annual Meeting
Geary L. Robinson
Environmental Design and Planning
Ph.D. Candidate
Anne E. Dunning
Assistant Professor
Department of Planning and Landscape Architecture
Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634-0511
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Abstract
Paris Metro Bombing - 1995
Tokyo Metro Police File Photo 1995
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Abstract
Madrid Train Bombing -2004
Reuters - 2005
London Underground Bombing - 2005
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Methodology
Research needs in the area of security training and
disaster preparedness for transportation systems.
Literature resources: academic literature, industry
publications and general news
Focus on problems of disaster preparedness
National and International disaster preparedness drills
information will be included as a part of the process
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Research Issues for Public Transit
Understand the need and demands for transportation
security
Determine Level of disaster preparedness
Current state of security drills/training for public transit
systems and complementary first-response agencies
Comparative analysis will be used to determine how
well plans achieve the needs of security planning
Creation of training models to establish sustainable
preparedness
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Threat Definition
Event “which suddenly occurs or is unstoppable
that may overwhelm the resources of an
impacted people and region, having a long term
impact on social or natural life and at the onset
is always negative” [i]
[i] Emergency Disaster Management, Inc. web site accessed July 31, 2007. http://www.emergency-management.net/
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Potential Threats
70 percent of transportation executives believe shipping
containers carrying 90 percent of the world’s cargo to be
vulnerable [ii]
Threats to transportation systems and the vulnerability of
the traveling public have been demonstrated
Investments are going toward improving security
Spending money does not necessarily equate to disaster
preparedness
[ii] Deloitte Touche Research (November 2004). “Prospering in a Secure Economy 2004.” Presentation at the US Maritime Security
Expo, New York City, New York. http://www.maritimesecurityexpo.com/whitepapers.html
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Presidential Declarations
U.S. government is participating more in an
increasing number of natural disaster events.
Presidents declared an average of 30.6 natural
disasters each year from 1964 to 2000.
From 2000 to 2007 has seen an average of 53.9
presidential disaster declarations [iii] .
[iii] Federal Emergency Management Administration (2007). “Get Disaster Information: Disaster Maps.” Web site
accessed July 31, 2007. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/map/index.shtm
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Domestic Hijackings
Hijacking of airplanes from 1947 to 1958 was
reported 23 times.
The peak activity of 324 hijackings occurred
between 1968 and 1972.
Early airplane hijackings from the 1930s to
1955, while stressful to passengers, did not lead
to death.
Emergency Disaster Management, Inc. “Airplane Hijacking,” web site accessed July 31, 2007.
http://www.emergency-management.net/airterror_hijack.htm
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Potential Attack Types
Physical Attacks
Car bomb at bridge approach
Series of small explosives on highway bridge
Single small explosive on highway bridge
Single small explosive in highway tunnel
Car bomb in highway tunnel
Series of car bombs on adjacent bridges or tunnels
Bomb(s) detonated at pipeline compressor stations
Bomb detonated at pipeline storage facility
Bomb detonated on pipeline segment
Simultaneous attacks on ports
Terrorist bombing of waterfront pavilion
Container vessel fire at marine terminal
Ramming of railroad bridge by maritime vessel
Attack on passenger vessel in port
Shooting in rail station
Vehicle bomb adjacent to rail station
Bombing of airport transit station
Bombing of underwater transit tunnel
Bus bombing
Deliberate blocking of highway-rail grade crossing
Terrorist bombing of rail tunnel
Bomb detonated on train in rail station
Vandalism of track structure and signal system
Terrorist bombing of rail bridge
Explosives attack on multiple rail bridges
Explosive in cargo of passenger aircraft
Biological Attacks
Biological release in multiple subway stations
Anthrax release from freight ship
Anthrax release in transit station
Anthrax release on passenger train
Chemical Attacks
Sarin release in multiple subway stations
Physical attack on railcar carrying toxics
Cyber and C3 Attacks (Command-Control-Communications)
Cyber attack on highway traffic control system
Sabotage of train control system
Cyber attack on pipeline control system
Tampering with rail signals
Attack on port power/telecommunications
Cyber attack on train control center
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Source: Improving Surface Transportation Security: A Research and Development Strategy, National
Academies Press ISBN: 0-309-51429-0, 96 pages, 6 x 9, (1999): http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9689.html
Transportation Operations and Disaster
Preparedness
Disaster preparedness for transportation
systems frequently focuses on infrastructure
Attacks on passenger transportation in the
United States and Europe in recent years has
shown that both infrastructure and operations
require focus.
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Preparedness for Threats to Public Transit
In 1991, the Urban Mass Transportation
Administration (now the Federal Transit
Administration) recognized the need for transit
systems to address emergency response
planning as part of its operations [iv] .
[iv] Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Urban, Rural and Specialized Transit Systems
U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration January 1991 Final Report,
UMTA-MA-06-0196-91-1 DOT-VNTSC -UMTA-91-1
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Typical Public Transit Emergency
Scenarios Include:
passenger fall or illness;
vehicle breakdown;
driver incapacitation;
vehicle collision;
vehicle fire;
vehicle collision with fire;
vehicle rollover;
vehicle immersion in water; and
severe weather conditions or natural disasters. [v]
[v] Ritter, Luke; Barrett, J. Michael; and, Wilson, Rosalyn (2006). Securing Global Transportation Networks:
A Total Security Management Approach; New York: McGraw-Hill ISBN97800071477512.
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Supercell Thunderstorm Crossing Oklahoma / Arkansas Border
2302 CDT April 21, 1996 - National Climatic Data Center - NOAA GOES 8 Satellite
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Downtown Ft. Smith, AR April 22, 1996
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette / Tom Ewart / April 22, 1996
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Mount Vista area
Van Buren, AR
April 23, 1996
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette / Rick McFarland / April 23, 1996
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Role of Transportation Operations in an
Evacuation
Recent years have demonstrated the accessible
nature of transportation systems makes them
particularly vulnerable to threats.
Aside from being targets, transportation systems
are also solutions.
They provide means of evacuating people out of
harm’s way and modes to deliver recovery
supplies and services.
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Three Objectives Of An Emergency
Plan Are:
To plan the response by a transit system
and its outside emergency organizations to a
transit emergency;
To mobilize the actual response to
emergencies;
And, to recover from emergencies and
restore normal operations. [vi]
[vi] Ritter, Luke; Barrett, J. Michael; and, Wilson, Rosalyn (2006). Securing Global Transportation
Networks: A Total Security Management Approach; New York: McGraw-Hill
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ISBN97800071477512.
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Needs In Disasters For Transport Are:
Outbound evacuees,
Inbound mutual aid operational resources,
Inbound state and federal operational resources,
Outbound returning mutual aid operational
resources
Inbound support shipments,
Inbound returning evacuees, and
Outbound state and federal resources [vii].
[vii] Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Urban, Rural and Specialized
Transit Systems U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration
January 1991 Final Report, UMTA-MA-06-0196-91-1 DOT-VNTSC -UMTA-91-1
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Successful Emergency Plan Contain The
Following Elements:
Policy and Scope
Agreements between emergency organizations
Transit system functions and responsibilities
Procedural guidelines for specific emergencies
General response capability criteria
Supporting documentation
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The Federal Emergency Management
Administration Four Step Process:
Organizing resources,
Assessing risks,
Developing a mitigation plan, and
Implementing & monitoring the plan progress [viii].
[viii] Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations Into Hazard Mitigation
Planning, FEMA 386-6 / May 2005
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Total Security Management Considers
Operational Enablers
Strategic (long-term),
Operational (how the company is being run),
and
Tactical (applying core TSM values and tenets
to a firm’s daily operation).
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Total Security Management 5 Pillars
Must base practices on creating value that can be
measured;
Involves everyone throughout value chains;
Implies continual improvement;
Helps firms avoid, minimize, or survive disruptive events;
and,
Requires resiliency and business continuity planning as
essential business functions.
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Stanford University Study
Customs inspections reduced by 48 percent,
Asset visibility enhanced by 50 percent,
Time taken to identify problems reduced by 21
percent, and
Customer attrition diminished by 26 percent. ([ix])
[ix] Peleg-Gillai, Barchi; Bhat, Gauri; and, Sept, Lesley (July 2006). “Innovations in Supply Chain
Security: Better Security Drives Business Value,” the Manufacturing Innovation Series, Stanford
University. http://www.nam.org/supplychainsecurity
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U.S. Department of Transportation
Intelligent Transportation Systems
1996 Formally established intelligent
transportation system standards program.
[X]
Transit professionals identify interoperability as
the standard for an intelligent transportation
system program.
[X] Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, “Deployment of Standards for
Intelligent Transportation Systems TE7.N27s no.280 ISBN 0-309-09453-4
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Intelligent Transportation Systems Standards Application Areas
Center to center
Center to roadside
Center to vehicle/traveler
Data archival
Incident management (emergency management systems)
Rail Coordination
Traffic management
Transit management
Traveler Information
Data collection and monitoring
Dynamic message signs
Environmental monitoring
Ramp metering
Traffic Signals
Vehicle sensors
Video surveillance
Mayday
Transit vehicle communications
Traveler information
[left blank in the source]
Roadside to roadside
Roadside to vehicle
(dedicated short-range)
Signal priority
Toll/fee collection
Source: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, “Deployment of
Standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems TE7.N27s no.280 ISBN 0-309-09453-4
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National ITS Architecture Subsystems and Communications Source:
U.S. DOT Report No. FHWA -JPO - 98 - 26#
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Public Transit Security Training
Information and Intelligence
Security and Emergency Management
Regional Coordination
Information Technology & Communications
Employee and Public Communications
Contingency and Continuity Plans
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Research Questions:
Public Transit
1.
What understanding do public transit system
managers have of the needs and demands for
transportation security?
2.
What level of disaster preparedness is
sufficient for public transit systems? If such a
benchmark can be developed, how well do
transit systems meet this benchmark?
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Research Questions:
Planning and Model
3.
Through comparative analysis of public transit
security plans, how well do plans achieve the
needs of security planning? Beyond the
documents, how well are the plans followed
and implemented in either drills or actual
events?
4.
What training model can be created to
establish sustainable methods of training to
ensure preparedness becomes the norm and
not the exception?
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Research Questions:
Drills and Training
5.
What is the current state of security drills and
training for public transit systems and
complementary first-response agencies?
6.
How well do drills simulate real disasters, and
how well do training exercises enhance
preparedness?
7.
What training techniques work most effectively
in this highly-specialized context?
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