Transcript Harvard referencing

London School of Science & Technology
Harvard Referencing Guide
The Harvard referencing system
• There are many different styles of referencing
• Harvard system is the most commonly used
Advantages
• Easily recognised by readers
• Doesn’t ‘intrude’ upon the page, gives you a
bit of information in the text with the full
details at the back in the reference list
What is referencing?
• It is an acknowledgement that you have used
the ideas and written materials belonging to
other authors
• It is a method used to demonstrate to your
lecturer that you have conducted appropriate
research
• All referencing styles have to parts – the citing
and the reference list
Why is it important to reference?
• To demonstrate to your lecturer that you have
conducted thorough research
• To provide your lecturer with the details of the
resources you have used for your assignment
• To avoid facing academic penalties for
plagiarism
What are the penalties for
plagiarising?
• 0 marks for your assignment
• A fee of £30 is charged for assignment
resubmission
• The highest possible mark for resubmitted
work is a pass
Avoiding plagiarism
• By appropriately acknowledging in your
assignment text when you have referred to
materials or ideas taken from other authors
• By including a reference list at the back of
your assignment with all the sources you have
referred to in your work
2 parts of referencing
Citation
• This is when you mention the author and year
of publication in your assignment text
Reference list
• This is a separate document that goes at the
back your assignment that lists all the
references you used in your assignment
Citation: Part 1 of referencing
The first part of referencing is when you refer
to (cite) someone else’s work in your
assignment.
Your citation(s) should include:
1. The author or editor’s surname
2. The year of publication
When you are citing you might be
Paraphrasing
Restating information taken from someone else’s work in your own
words.
Examples of paraphrasing
Market research is a specialised management tool used for public
relations, advertising development, campaign planning and
computer systems development (Birn, 2004).
Role theory applied to employee behaviour was first elaborated by
Belbin (1996) who suggests that teams work most effectively when
they contain members with a range of preferred roles.
When you are citing you might be
Quoting
Taking the exact words from a source and enclosing it in
quotation marks and mentioning the page number the quote
comes from
Examples of quoting
The principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and
understood by many practising engineers’ (Simons, 2008, p.4).
Stone (2008) states that ‘performance improvement comes
about by building on strengths and overcoming weaknesses’
(p.303).
Citation – The author
If there is 1 author
Example:
A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find business
research (Henderson, 2005).
If there are 2 authors
Example:
A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find business
research (Henderson & Smith, 2005).
If there are 3 or more authors
Example:
A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find business
research (Henderson et al, 2005).
Citation – The author
Citing works by the same author written in the same year
Example:
Competitive markets and demanding customers require updated
and refreshed products and services (Slack, 2008a; Slack, 2008b).
Citing a chapter of a book
Some books may contain chapters written by different
authors. When citing work from such a book, the author
who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of
the book.
Citation – The author
Works with no obvious author
• If you can’t find an authors name you can use a corporate
author name
• This is often the case for websites, reports and some
textbooks
• If you can’t find either a named or corporate author you
can use Anon as the author’s name
Example:
Takeovers often benefit the shareholders of an acquired
company more than the acquirer (BPP Learning Media,
2010).
Citing secondary references
If you come across information cited in an academic work and
you cannot find the original source you can use it as a
secondary reference.
Example:
According to Ulrich (1997) as cited by Slack et al (2010), there
are four specific HR roles that are relevant to operations
management including strategic partnership, administrative
expertise, change management and championing employees.
Part 2 of Referencing: Writing a reference list
• The list should be in alphabetical order by
author/editor
• Books, websites etc are written in a particular format
that must be followed
• Your reference list contains all the items you have
cited or directly quoted from
Formatting the Reference List
Printed Book
Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
(year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Example:
BPP Learning Media (2010) Marketing and promotion. United Kingdom:
BPP Learning Media.
Formatting the reference list
Online/Electronic Book
Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
(year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Edition (if not the first edition)
[Online]
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first
named)
Publisher
Available at: URL
[date of access]
Example:
Emerson, R. (2009) Business Law, 5th edition. [Online] New York: Barons
Education. Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60TRO4E3o7YC&printsec [Accessed
18th June, 2010].
Formatting the Reference List
Chapter in an Edited Book
Author of the chapter
(year of publication)
Title of chapter followed by In:
Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are
multiple pages)
Example:
Newell, S. (2005) Recruitment and selection. In: Bach, S. (ed.) Managing Human
Resources, 4th edition. Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell publishing, pp. 115-148.
Formatting the Reference List
Journal Article: Print
Author
(year of publication)
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
Volume number
Issue number
Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p’. before the page
numbers)
Example
Tan-Solano, M. & Kleiner, B. H. (2001) Effects of
telecommuting on organisational behaviour. Management
Research News, 24 (3), 72-78.
Formatting the Reference List
Journal Article: Online/Electronic
Author
(year of publication)
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
[Online]
volume number
Issue number
Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p’. before the page numbers)
Available at: URL
[date of access]
Example:
Tan-Solano, M. & Kleiner, B. H. (2001) Effects of telecommuting on
organisational behaviour. Management Research News, 24 (3), 72-78.
Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=01409174&volume.html [Accessed 17th November, 2011].
Formatting the Reference List
Web page/Website
Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor
is named)
(year of publication) (if available; if there is no date, use the abbreviation
n.d.)
Title (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Available from: URL
[date of access]
Example:
Larson, A. (2010) Contract law – an introduction [Online]. Available at:
http://www.expertlaw.com/library/business/contract_law.html [Accessed
23rd November, 2011].
Formatting the Reference List
Lecture
Name of lecturer
(year of lecture)
Title of lecture (this should be in italics)
[Lecture]
Title of unit/degree course (if appropriate)
Name of institution or location
date of lecture (day month)
Example:
Owen, J. (2010) Defences in tort [Lecture]. London School of Science &
Technology, 12th September.
Example of a reference list
References
Baron, D. P. (2008) Business and the organisation. Chester: Pearson.
BPP Learning Media (2010) Marketing and promotion. United Kingdom: BPP Learning Media
Emerson, R. (2009) Business Law, 5th edition. [Online] New York: Barons Education. Available
from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60TRO4E3o7YC&printsec [Accessed 18th June
2010].
Encyclopaedia Britannica, (2003). Britannica 2003. [CD-ROM] Chicago: Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
Innovation and growth (2011) Business daily, BBC Radio. 24th November.
Jones, P. (2010) Business regeneration report. RM Business solutions. Report number: 63.
Larson, A. (2010) Contract law – an introduction [Online]. Available from:
http://www.expertlaw.com/library/business/contract_law.html [Accessed 23rd November,
2011].
Masters, B. & Goff, S. (2011) Bankers accused of dishonest lobbying. The Financial Times, 23
November, p.1.