Transcript EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers

Schizophrenia
Module 39
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Psychological Disorders
Schizophrenia
overview
 Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
 Onset and
Development of
Schizophrenia
 Understanding
Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
The literal translation is “split mind” which
refers to a split from reality. A group of severe
disorders characterized by the following:
1. Disorganized and delusional thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions.
3. Inappropriate emotions and actions.
Link 58:42
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate
behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or
delusional talking)
Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate
behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
Schizophrenia vid:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b69pOQYve4Q
4 Schizophrenics 9:23
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWaFqw8XnpA
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Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was
making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars …
I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me
upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my
eighteenth birthday.”
(Sheehan, 1982)
Other forms of delusions include, delusions of
persecution (“someone is following me”) or
grandeur (“I am a king”).
This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre
thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions
(“I’m Mary Poppins”).
Link Gerald 8:12
Part 2 7:11
Female Schizophrenic
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Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
Many psychologists believe disorganized
thoughts occur because of selective attention
failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts).
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• Great book about a
girl whose friend
“turns schizophrenic”
while they are
backpacking in
China.
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Disturbed Perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive
things that are not there (hallucinations).
Most such hallucinations are auditory
and lesser visual, somatosensory,
olfactory, or gustatory.
L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
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• …schizophrenics can tickle themselves
because of a problem with their timing that
does not allow their motor actions and
resulting sensations to be correctly
sequenced.
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• A 20th-century artist,
Louis Wain, who was
fascinated by cats,
painted these pictures
over a period of time
in which he
developed
schizophrenia.
• The pictures mark
progressive stages in
the illness and
exemplify what it
does to the victim's
perception.
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Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
A schizophrenic person may laugh at
the news of someone dying or show
no emotion at all (flat affect).
Patients with schizophrenia may
continually rub an arm, rock a chair,
or remain motionless for hours
(catatonia).
Childhood schizophrenia at 20/20 9:18
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Onset and Development of
Schizophrenia
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and
throughout the world over 24 million people
suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they
mature into adults. It affects men and women,
but men suffer from it more severely than
women.
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Schizophrenia: Course
Group 1
15% have only a single episode of
illness with no subsequent
impairment
Group 2
25% have repeated episodes of
illness with no impairment between
episodes
Group 3
30% have repeated episodes of
illness with some impairment
between episodes
Group 4
30% have repeated episodes of
illness with gradually declining
impairment between episodes
Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
When schizophrenia is slow to develop
(chronic/process) recovery is doubtful.
Such schizophrenics usually display
negative symptoms.
When schizophrenia rapidly develops
(acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such
schizophrenics usually show positive
symptoms.
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Understanding Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited
by the symptoms of the mind.
Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that
schizophrenic patients express higher levels of
dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
Drugs that block these sites help schizophrenic
patients.
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Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the
frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of
schizophrenic patients.
Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro
Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health
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Abnormal Brain Morphology
Schizophrenia patients may exhibit
morphological changes in the brain like
enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.
Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC
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Viral Infection
Schizophrenia has also been observed in
individuals whose mothers contracted a
viral infection (flu) during the middle of
their fetal development.
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Genetic Factors
The likelihood of an individual suffering from
schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has
the disease (Gottesman, 2001).
0 10 20 30 40 50
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
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Genetics and the Risk of Schizophrenia
James D. Laird and Nicholas S. Thompson, Psychology. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin
Company. Reprinted by permission.
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Genetic Factors
The following shows the prevalence of
schizophrenia in identical twins as seen in
different countries.
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Psychological Factors
Psychological and environmental factors
can trigger schizophrenia if the individual
is genetically predisposed (Nicol &
Gottesman, 1983).
Courtesy of Genain Family
Genain Sisters
The genetically identical
Genain
sisters suffer from
schizophrenia.
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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
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