Transcript Document

Articulations
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Learning Objectives
• Contrast the major categories of joints, and
explain the relationship between structure and
function for each.
• Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
• Describe the dynamic movements of the skeleton.
• List the types of synovial joint, and discuss the
relationship of structure to function in each.
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Learning Objectives
• Describe the structure and function of the
vertebrae, shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints.
• Describe the relationship between joint strength
and mobility.
• Describe the effects of aging on the joints.
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SECTION 9-1
A Classification of Joints
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Articulations
• Articulations
• Where two bones interconnect
• Immovable joints
• Synarthroses, or bony
• Slightly moveable joints
• Amphiarthroses, or fibrous / cartilagenous
• Freely moveable joints
• Diarthroses, or synovial
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Synarthroses (immovable joints)
• Four major types
• Suture = skull bones bound together by dense
connective tissue
• Gomphosis = teeth bound to bony sockets by
periodontal ligaments
• Synchondrosis = two bones bound by rigid
cartilaginous bridge
• Syntosis = two bones completely fused
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Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
• Two major types
• Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament
• Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage
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Diarthroses (freely movable joints)
• Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule
• Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage
• Bony surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
• Structures include
• Menisci
• Fat pads
• Accessory ligaments
• Bursae
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Figure 9.1 The Structure of a Synovial Joint
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Figure 9.1
SECTION 9-2
Articular Form and Function
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Dynamic motion
• Dynamic motion
• Linear motion
• Angular motion
• Rotation
• Joints classified based on type of motion
permitted
• Monaxial
• Biaxial
• Triaxial
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Figure 9.2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion
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Figure 9.2
Types of movement
• Gliding motion
• Two surfaces slide past one another
• Angular motion
• Flexion, extension, hyperextension
• Abduction, adduction
• Circumduction
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Figure 9.3 Angular Movements
PLAY
Animation: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
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Figure 9.3
Rotational movement
• Left or right
• Medial (internal) or lateral (external)
• Pronation or supination in the bones of the
forearm only
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Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements
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Figure 9.4a,b
Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements
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Figure 9.4c
Special movement
• Movements of the foot
• Inversion and eversion
• Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
• Movements of the thumb
• Opposition
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Other movements
• Protraction moves a structure anteriorly
• Retraction moves a structure posteriorly
• Elevation moves a structure superiorly
• Depression moves a structure inferiorly
• Lateral flexion bends the vertebrae to one side
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Figure 9.5 Special Movements
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Figure 9.5
Structural classification of joints
• Gliding joints permit movement in a single plane
• Hinge joints are monaxial joints permitting
angular motion in one plane
• Pivot joints are monaxial joints that permit
rotation
• Ellipsoid joints are biaxial joints that pit one
bone in an oval depression of another
• Saddle joints are biaxial joints with one concave
and one convex bone face
• Ball-and-socket joints are triaxial joints that
permit rotation and other movements
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Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of
Synovial Joints
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Figure 9.6
Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of
Synovial Joints
PLAY
Animation: Joint Motion
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Figure 9.6
SECTION 9-3
Representative Articulations
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Intervertebral articulations
• Gliding joints
• Vertebral bodies form symphyseal joints
cushioned by intervertebral discs
• Outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus
pulposus
• Stabilized by ligaments
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Figure 9.7 Intervertevbral Articulations
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Figure 9.7
Figure 9.8 Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
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Figure 9.8
Shoulder joint (glenohumoral joint)
• Glenoid cavity and head of humerus
• Ball and socket diarthroses
• Stabilized by ligaments
• Strength and stability sacrificed for range of
motion
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Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint
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Figure 9.9a
Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint
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Figure 9.9b
The elbow joint
• Permits only flexion and extension
• Hinge diarthroses
• Reinforced with strong ligaments
PLAY
Animation: Clavicle & Scapula
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Hip joint
• Ball and socket diarthroses
• Acetabulum and head of femur
• Permits flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction,
circumduction, rotation
• Stabilized by numerous ligaments
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Figure 9.11 The Hip Joint
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Figure 9.11
Knee joint
• Hinge joint with incomplete articular
capsule
• Formed by the condyles of the femur and
the condylar surfaces of the tibia
• Accessory structures help stabilize lateral
movements
• Permits flexion/extension, limited rotation
• Supported by ligaments
PLAY
Animation: Hip
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Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint
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Figure 9.12a, b
Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint
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Figure 9.12c, d
SECTION 9-4
Aging and Articulations
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Joint problems with aging
• Joint problems associated with aging
• Relatively common
• Rheumatism – general term for pain and
stiffness in muscular and skeletal elements
• Arthritis – all rheumatic diseases affecting
synovial joints
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SECTION 9-5
Bones and Muscles
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Musculoskeletal system
• Encompasses the extensive interactions between
the muscular and skeletal systems
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You should now be familiar with:
• The major categories of joints, and the
relationship between structure and function for
each.
• The structure of a synovial joint.
• The dynamic movements of the skeleton.
• The types of synovial joint, and the relationship of
structure to function in each.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
You should now be familiar with:
• The structure and function of the vertebrae,
shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints.
• The relationship between joint strength and
mobility.
• The effects of aging on the joints.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings