Transcript The Enlightenment - Grand Valley State University

The Enlightenment
Neoclassical Art
Enlightenment
The Age of Reason
Enciclopedists /
Philosophes
Diderot
Reason -- a perfect
society built on
common sense and
tolerance
Truth dispersing the shadows of
ignorance
Chiswick House,
London
St. Martin in the
Fields, London
Prado Museum, Madrid
Royal Palace, Madrid
Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Scottish architect Colen Campbell, Mereworth Castle, Kent, 1722-25
The gardens of Château Villandry
Garden, Alcázar, Sevilla
In groups, think back
on the baroque and
work out a definition
of the term
What does the term
Neoclassical evoke
for you?
Characteristics
Order and Harmony
Simplicity of shape and exactness of proportion
Light
Gardens
Society and Utopianism
Ordering creation
Intellectual rather than emotional or spiritual
Classicism
Restraint, good sense, decorum, good taste,
correctness
Rococo to Neoclasical
As symmetry was gradually introduced into the
lavish ornamental motifs of the Rococo style, so
the Neoclassicist ideas slowly began to spread.
The new aesthetic revealed a reaction against the
excesses of Rococo ornamentation in favour of
what was seen as the noble simplicity of antiquity.
Many Neoclassical ideas were founded in the
scientific ideals of the French Encyclopaedists,
who believed in the enhancement and promotion
of public morality through art.
Pilgrimage to Cythera by Antoine Watteau 1717
Painting
Initially not stylistically distinct from the French Rococo and
other styles that had preceded it.
A more rigorously Neoclassical painting style arose in France
in the 1780s
Just before and during the French Revolution, these and other
painters adopted stirring moral subject matter from Roman
history and celebrated the values of simplicity, austerity,
heroism, and stoic virtue that were traditionally associated
with the Roman Republic, thus drawing parallels between that
time and the contemporary struggle for liberty in France.
http://www.all-art.org/history356.html
Joseph-Marie Vien
Young Greek
Maidens Decking
the Sleeping Cupid
with Flowers
1773
Classical history and
mythology provided a
large part of the subject
matter of Neoclassical
works.
Jean-Baptiste Regnault
Liberty or Death
Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
Most prominent and influential
painter of the Neo-classical
movement in France.
In the 1780s he created a style
of austere and ethical painting
that captured the moral climate
of the last years of the ancien
régime.
As an active revolutionary, he
put his art at the service of the
new French Republic and for a
time was virtual dictator of the
arts.
He was imprisoned after the fall
from power of Maximilien de
Robespierre but on release
became captivated by the
personality of Napoleon I
Portrait of the Artist
1794
The Death of Seneca 1773
"The artist must be a philosopher and have
no other guide except the torch of reason."
— J.-L. David
Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat
1689-1755
Noble background
Educated in science and
history
Became a lawyer
Considered, along with
John Locke, as the
ideological co-founder of
the American Constitution
Works
Masterpiece: The
Spirit of the Laws
(1748), considers:
Monarchy
Despotism
Republic
Felt Republic was best
Montesquieu’s Thought
"Montesquieu advocated constitutionalism, the preservation of civil
liberties, the abolition of slavery, gradualism, moderation, peace,
internationalism, social and economic justice with due respect to
national and local tradition. He believed in justice and the rule of law;
detested all forms of extremism and fanaticism; put his faith in the
balance of power and the division of authority as a weapon against
despotic rule by individuals or groups or majorities; and approved of
social equality, but not to the point which it threatened individual
liberty; and out of liberty, but not to the point where it threatened to
disrupt orderly government."
Sir Isaiah Berlin
Against the Current
Persian Letters (1721)
First work to gain him fame
Epistolary form
correspondence between Usbek (Persian
aristocrat) traveling in France
and his friends, his wives, or eunuchs
When reading, think about:
What Montesquieu criticizes and why?
Why does he use the epistolary form?
Why does he use Persian travelers in
Europe?
How are the Persians characterized?
Oliver Goldsmith
Born in the Irish village of
Pallas, near Glasson on Nov. 10,
1730. Father was an Anglican
clergyman
Studied theology, law, and
medicine in turn
`The Citizen of the World',
published in 1762, won the
attention of Samuel Johnson
Died after a short illness in the
spring of 1774
His epitaph, by Johnson,
includes the famous line:
Nullum quod tetigit non ornavit
(He touched nothing that he did
not adorn).
Major Works
The Citizen of the World ( 1760-61 ). Goldsmith
puts criticism of English society into the letters
written by a fictional Chinese gentleman, Lien Chi
Altangi.
The Traveler ( 1764 ). The traveler-narrator fails
to find happiness abroad and concludes that it is to
be found in one's own mind: " Our own felicity we
make or find. "
The Vicar of Wakefield ( 1766 ).
The Deserted Village ( 1770 ). Nostalgic poem
about the passing of a simpler, happier, rural past.
The Life of Richard Nash ( 1762 ). Beau Nash,
Master of Ceremonies at Bath, was an institution
in Eighteenth Century England.
She Stoops to Conquer ( 1773 ).