Transcript History 1301 U.S. History to 1877 Slide day three

History 1301 U.S. History to 1877
Slide Set Three
Central Texas College
Fort Knox, Kentucky
Bruce A. McKain
A New society
• Population of colonies
doubles every 25 years in
the 17th century.
• Mercantilism is the rule of
relations between Britain
and the Colonies.
• Navigation Acts (16501750)
– Enumerated goods.
– British or Colonial ships
and crews.
– Designed to ensure a
favorable balance of trade.
The Great Awakening
• Religious reaction to
growing secularism.
• A sense of unity takes
precedence over loyalty
to local authority,
colonial authority,
British authority or even
the authority of the
King.
• Jonathan Edwards
The Great Awakening
George Whitfield
Gilbert Tennent
Struggle for Dominance
• Territorial conflicts
between England and
France. (the four wars)
• French and
Indian/Seven Year War
ended by Treaty of Paris
of 1763.
• England moves to exert
influence over the
colonies.
French and Indian War
• Largely a European War.
• Proxy struggle in the
American Colonies.
• French with Indian
Allies
• British with Colonial
and Indian allies.
George Washington
• Major in Virginia Militia
• Ordered to capture
French outpost.
• Meets small French force,
then starts to retreat back
to Virginia.
• Forced to build defensive
position (Fort Necessity)
• Surrenders and is Paroled.
General Braddock
• Marches with a force
toward French Fort
Duquesne with a force of
1500 Regulars and a
smaller contingent of
colonials
• Ambushed by French and
Indians.
• Killed in battle
• Buried under Braddock’s
Road
Battle of Quebec
General Wolfe
General Montcalm
Battle of Quebec
Battle of Quebec
Battle for Quebec
General Wolfe
General Montcalm
Coming of Revolution
• British Actions
– Attempts to raise
revenue to restore
British Treasury through
taxes on colonies.
• Grenville’s
– Sugar Act of 1764
– Currency Act of 1764
– Stamp Act of 1765
Coming of Revolution
• Prime minister
Townshend’s Plan to
raise revenue included
– Indirect Taxes 1767
– Tea Act 1773
Colonial Reactions
• Protest
• Stamp Act Congress
– Attacks on Tax Collectors
– Attack on Governor’s
home.
– Theft of Stamps
– Boston Massacre 1770
Boston Tea Party
Reactions to the Tea Party
• British
– Implementation of the
Intolerable Acts, also
called the Coercive Acts
• Closed Port of Boston
• Quartering of British
Troops.
• Ordered end to The
Letters of
Correspondence.
Reactions to the TeaParty
• Colonial Reactions
– Increased Anti-British
feelings.
– Stockpiling of war
materials.
– Increased activities of
Sons of Liberty.
War!
• British march out of
Boston to capture war
materials and leaders of
the Sons of Liberty in
Concord.
• Warning carried by
Revere, Dawes, Dr. Sam
Prescott and others,
rode and spread the
alarm for the militia
(Minute Men)
War!
• British are met by
Captain Parker Militia
Company on Lexington
Green. (Shot Heard
Round the World)
• After Lexington
continue to march on
Concord.
• Supplies moved, British
retreat back toward
Boston.
War!
• Colonials harass and fire
on retreating British all
the way back to Boston.
• Colonials lay siege to
the city of Boston.
• The American Colonies
are at war with Britain.
• Brown Bess Musket 
Bunker Hill
• Fought on Breed’s Hill.
• British attacked
numerous times and
were beaten back each
time until the colonials
ran out of powder and
shot.
• “Don’t fire till you see
the whites of their
eyes”
Declaration of Independence
1776
• Washington as
Commander of the
Continental Army is
defeated at New York
City and is pushed
across New York and
New Jersey. He flees
with his army across the
Delaware River in
December 1776.
Battle of Trenton
• 25 December 1776
• Washington and his
army re-cross the
Delaware and attack the
Hessian Garrison at
Trenton. The attack is a
complete surprise and
results in a boost in
morale, and
procurement of badly
needed materials.
The Hessians
Battle of Princeton
• 3 January 1777
• Washington again uses
the surprise attack on a
remote garrison town,
to gain much needed
supplies.
• Result is the British
withdraw their forces
back to New York City,
losing all gains made in
the 1776 campaign.
1777 Campaign
War Continues
Battle of Brandywine Creek
Battle of Germantown
Valley Forge
Quarters
Baron von Steuben
Saratoga
The Battlefield
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Results of the Battle
Major victory convinces
other countries that the
colonies might be
victorious.
French join war in 1778
Spain joins war in 1779
Dutch join war in 1780
Saratoga
Fort Ticonderoga
Camden S.C.
• General Gage defeated
16 August 1780.
• Defeat results in a
British pullback along
many fronts.
• Continued colonial
victories follow.
George Rogers Clark take Fort
Sacksville
British Defeats
King Mountain
Cowpens
Yorktown – Cornwallis Surrenders
17 October 1781
Yorktown
Treaty of Paris of 1783
• U.S. recognized as
independent nation.
• Britain retains Canada
surrenders Florida to Spain.
• U.S. Western boundary
Mississippi River.
• Southern Boundary 31
degrees North latitude.
• British creditors could
collect U.S. debts
• Congress recommends
returning loyalist property.
Articles of the Confederation
• Adopted 1776.
• John Dickenson primary author.
• Amendments had to be
unanimous.
• States held power.
• Central Government made
request.
• Powers of Government
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–
–
–
Make war
Make treaties
Determine state contributions
Settle state disputes
Admit new states
Borrow Money
But more importantly the Central
Government could not. . .
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Levy Taxes
Raise Troops
Regulate commerce
Coerce the states to comply with its directives.
Trans-Appalachian West
• Opened by Daniel
Boone in 1775.
• 100,000 settlers by
1790
• British and Spanish
stirred Indians into
attacking settlements.
Kentucky
• First settlement Harrods
town
( Now Harrodsburg)
Boonesboro came a
couple of years later.
Land Ordinance of 1784
• Outlined how territories
could become states.
• Set up requirements for
population, territorial
constitutions.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Limited slavery in the
new territories, and
anywhere North of the
Ohio River.
Crisis Averted
• Jay-Gardoqui
Negotiations
– Accepted closure of
Mississippi River by Spain
in exchange for trade
concessions.
– Unpopular with South and
West.
– “Damn John Jay, Damn
anyone who won’t damn
John Jay, Damn anyone
who won’t stay up late at
night, damning John Jay.”
Crisis Averted
• Shay’s Rebellion
– Daniel Shay
– Move to prevent
foreclosure on farms for
non-payment of taxes.
– “Rebellion” resulted in a
call for a stronger central
government.
Move to a Constitution
• Annapolis Convention
– September 1786
– Five of states send
representatives.
– Call for new convention
for the following year in
Philadelphia.
Move to a Constitution
• Philadelphia Convention
– June 1787
– George Washington
presiding.
– The Founding Fathers
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Hamilton
Franklin
Dickinson
Morris
Madison
Washington
Et.al.
Founding Fathers
George Washington
Benjamin Franklin
Founding Fathers
Alexander Hamilton
John Dickinson
Founding Fathers
Gouverneur Morris
James Madison
The Constitution
• New Jersey Plan
– Equal Representation for
each state.
• Virginia Plan
– Representation for each
state based on population.
• Great Compromise
– House and Senate, with an
Executive
• 3/5 Compromise
– 5 Slaves count as 3 for
population count, Indians
don’t count.
Ratification
• Federalist
– Supported strong central
government
– Federalist papers- 85
articles by Hamilton,
Madison, and Jay
– 5 states ratified quickly
– Promised Bill of Rights
• Anti Federalist
– Supported state control
– Jefferson, Adams, Hancock
– Massachusetts ratifies
after Bill of Rights
promised.
Ratification
• 21 June 1788 – required
nine states ratify.
• New York and Virginia
ratify after Constitution
adopted.
• North Carolina and Rhode
Island ratify over next 15
months.
• Washington inaugurated
30 April 1789, in New
York City.
Was Washington Our First President?
• When Washington took
office on April 30, 1789
he was a Johnny –
come- lately.
• The United States was
formed when the
Articles of the
Confederation was
adopted on March 1,
1781.
• In fact the nation could
be said to have come
into being when the 1st
Continental Congress
was convened on
September 5, 1774.
The Forgotten Presidents
Peyton Randolph – 1st President of the
Continental Congress (9/5 to 10/22/ 1774)
Henry Middleton – 2nd President of the
Continental Congress (10/22 to 10/24 1774)
The Forgotten Presidents
Peyton Randolph -3rd President of the
Continental Congress (5/10 to 5/24/1775)
John Hancock- 4th President of the
Continental Congress (5/24/75 to
20/29/1777)
The Forgotten Presidents
Henry Laurens – 5th President of the
Continental Congress (11/1/1777 to
12/9/1778)
John Jay – 6th President of the Continental
Congress (12/10/1778 to 9/28/1779)
The Forgotten Presidents
Samuel Huntington – 7th President of the
Continental Congress (9/28/1779 to7/10/1781)
Thomas McKean – 8th President of the
Continental Congress (7/10 to 11/5/1781)
The Forgotten Presidents
John Hanson – 1st President of Congress
under Articles of Confederation (11/5/1781
to 11/4/1782)
Elias Boudinot -2nd President of Congress
under Articles of Confederation (11/4/1782
to 11/3/1783
The Forgotten Presidents
Thomas Mifflin- 3rd President of Congress
under Articles of Confederation (11/3/1783
to 6/3/1784)
Richard Henry Lee – 4th President of Congress
under Articles of Confederation (11/30/1784
to 11/4/1785
The Forgotten Presidents
John Hancock – 5th President of Congress
under the Articles of Confederation
(11/23/1785 to 6/5/1786)
Nathaniel Gorham-6th President of Congress
under the Articles of Confederation
(6/6/1876 to 11/3/1786)
The Forgotten Presidents
7th
Arthur St.Clair –
President of Congress under the
Articles of Confederation (2/2 to 11/4/1787)
Cyrus Griffin – 8th President of Congress under the
Articles of Confederation (1/22/1788 to
11/15/1788)
The New Government
• Federal Court System
• Cabinet Offices
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State – Jefferson
Treasury – Hamilton
War- Knox
AG - Randolph
• Problems
– French Revolution
– Jay Treaty (Britain)
• Seizure of American shipping,
Indian Problems
– Pinckney Treaty (Spain)
• Opened Mississippi to
American Trade
The New Cabinet
Secretary of State –Thomas
Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury- Alexander
Hamilton
The New Cabinet
First Secretary of War - Henry
Knox
First Attorney General – Edmund
Randolph
New Government cont.
• Internal Problems
– Indian Problems
• Fallen Timbers – Gen Mad
A. Wayne
• Treaty of Greenville
opened Ohio River Valley
– Whiskey Rebellion
• Excise Tax on distilled
liquor, 1500 man force
ends rebellion, raises call
for permanent Army.
– Land Policy
• Vermont 1791
• Kentucky 1792
• Tennessee 1796