Transcript Light in the Dark Ages

LIGHT IN THE DARK AGES
Chapter 3
I: EUROPE AFTER ROME
FALL OF ROME
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Western half of the Roman Empire falls in the 5 th century
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Gradual decline
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Overrun by several groups
• Goths: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, etc. (Germanic tribes)
• Others: Huns, Lombards, Vandals
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TABLE EXERCISE I (pp. 98-99)
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Last Western Emperor is overthrown in 476
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Eastern half remains until 1453
FALL OF ROME: GERMANIC TRIBES
FALL OF ROME: RESULTS
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Political
• Europe divided into local tribes
• Chaos, disarray
• “And the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” (Hobbes)
• Schooling, education, intellectual pursuit nearly disappears
• Will not be reunited (after a fashion) until the 9 th century (800 AD Christmas Day)
•
Church
• Difficulties in communication
• Culture, language, mobility, politics, etc
• Exacerbates the split between Latin and Greek Christians
• Schism occurs in 11 th/12th centuries
LIGHT IN THE DARK
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St Leo the Great
• Meeting with Attila the Hun
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Conversion of invaders
• Many of the Goths become Arian Christians
• Franks (Germanic people in Gaul) are the first to become Catholics
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Scriptures translated into the vernacular
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What does “Apostle to the…” mean?
• “First successful Christian missionary in a country or to a people”
• Boniface (8 th century) – Christmas tree; death
• Patrick (5 th century) – Clover
• Cyril & Methodius (9 th century) – translations
LIGHT IN THE DARK: MONASTICISM
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What is Monasticism
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Types
• Cenobite (Coenobitic) – community; religious rule
• Anchorite/Eremitic (hermits) – solitary; intense prayer and asceticism
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Purpose
• Withdrawal
• Prayer
• Community
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Egypt
• St Anthony
• St Paul the Hermit
BENEDICTINE MONASTICISM
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Rule of St Benedict
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Ora et labora
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Predominate form in the West
• Later: Cluniacs, Cisterians
• Sets pattern for all cenobitic monastics
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Focus:
• Education – schools
• Charity – welfare
• Hospitality – inns, hotels, hostels
• Medicine – hospitals
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TABLE EXERCISE II (pp. 100-101)
EFFECTS OF MONASTICISM
MONASTICISM & THE CHURCH
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St Gregory the Great
• Life (6th century)
• Humility (“Servant of the servants of God”)
• Lombards at the gate
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Influence of St Gregory the Great
• Mass
• Music
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwcG3mYo5Kk
• Missionaries
II: ISLAM & THE EASTERN EMPIRE
ISLAM
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Imagine you had founded a new religion, believed God wanted everyone to accept
it, and persuaded everyone in your town to believe in it. What are some ways you
could further expand your religion?
ISLAM: BASICS
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Muhammad (572-632)
• Muhammad founded a new, monotheistic religion based loosely on Judaism
and Christianity.
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Islam and Muslim
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Koran
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Basic beliefs
• Creed: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God.”
• Five pillars
• Jihad
• Eschatology
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Sunni, Shia, Sufi, Nation of Islam
SPREAD OF ISLAM
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Rapid expansion
• Within 30 years after the death of Muhammad (Map on p. 104)
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Battle of Badr (AD 624)
• First military victory of Muhammad
• Established Islam as a viable military force in the Arabian Peninsula.
• Considered a miracle
• Despite the superior numbers of the Meccan forces (about 1,000 men), the
Muslims scored a complete victory.
ISLAM STOPPED
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In the East AD 717 and 740, Emperor Leo III defeated Muslims attempting to take
Constantinople.
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In the West after Spain had fallen, Charles Martel stopped the further spread of
Islam into Europe at the Battle of Tours (AD 732).
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Results
• Christianity is no longer dominant religion in Africa, Middle East or Persia
• Later: Spain becomes Muslim and continual fight against Islam until the 17th
century
CONVERSION OF EUROPE
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Franks (Gaul, France)
• Conversion of pagan king leads to conversion of nation
• 497 AD; first “barbarians” to embrace Catholic faith
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“Barbarian” tribes in the West
• Culture converts – from Arian or pagan to Catholic
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Work of monks and missionaries and martyrs
• Monks and bishops raised the moral and cultural level of peoples so they could
be disposed to the Gospel.
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Spain
• St Paul, St James the Greater (Santiago)
• 7ll AD – overrun by Muslims (Moors) who ruled Spain for 8 centuries
• Mozarabic Christians (Moors + Arabic)
CONVERSION OF EUROPE
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Read silently Matthew 10:34–39, and then discuss the following question:
• What is the difference between Jesus and Muhammad? Focus on the use of the
word sword?
• What did Christ tell his disciples to expect as they convert to Christianity and
try to live the Faith?
IRELAND
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St Patrick (d. 493)
• Was a slave; returned as a freeman
• Missionary from England to Ireland
• Converted Druids (took about one generation)
• Established Non-Roman Catholicism
• Centuries later, English forcibly make the Irish Roman
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St Bride (Brigid, Bridget, Bridgit, Brid) (d. 524)
• Born a slave
• Established Kildare – famous Irish monastery for men and women
CELTIC MONASTICISM
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Influenced by Eastern monasticism
• What are “spiritual athletes”?
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Were the governing force (rather than bishops)
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Preserved learning, culture, art
• The Irish monastic scriptoria and libraries saved a great deal of the GrecoRoman literary tradition, including the ability to read classical Greek
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Evangelized Northern Europe
SS COLUMBA & COLUMBANUS
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St Columba “Apostle of Scotland”
• Write one paragraph summary
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St Columbanus
• Evangelized France and Switzerland
• Man of peace rather than a bully
• Promoted private penance
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Penance – Public or Private
• Complete chart with a partner
PENANCE
ENGLAND
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Christian before legalization (313); then devastated by Germanic tribes (Jutes,
Angles, Saxons)
• England divided into six kingdoms by Germanic tribes
• Celtic missionaries had no success converting them at first; but helped with
conversion after St Augustine of Canterbury arrived
ST AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY
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(not St Augustine of Hippo)
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Sent by St Gregory the Great
• Also sent St Boniface and other missionaries
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Wanted to return home because of the barbarity of the (English) tribes
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Success: On Christmas Day 597 alone, some 10,000 Saxons were baptized.
Conversions spread throughout England.
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Complete conversion took ~100 years
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Result:
• English accepted the Roman traditions, including Benedictine monasticism
over Celtic monasticism.
• England became identified especially with the Roman Pontiff.
• Sets up conflict with Irish
ST BEDE THE VENERABLE
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Born in 673 in Northumbria; Died 735
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Priest, monastic, poet, scientist, mathematician, grammar scholar, Doctor of the
Church
• Wrote ~85 different works
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Described as
• Most learned man in Western Europe (Knowles)
• “The most learned and the least proud of men” (William of Malmesbury)
• “largely responsible for the monastically based educational revival of the
Carolingian Renaissance” (Martin, Acts)
CONVERSION OF SLAVS AND GERMANS
ST BONIFACE
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Raised as a monk in England; wanted Christianity without suffering
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Followed other attempts in Northern Germany, but was overwhelmed by barbarians
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Returned, and was most successful of several missionaries
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Monasteries & Structure
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The sacred Oak of Thor
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Martyred
SS CYRIL & METHODIUS
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Greek brothers
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Missionaries to Slavic people (southern Russia, Ukraine,
Poland, etc.)
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Invented the Cyrillic alphabet. Why?
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“Patrons of Europe”
ST VLADIMIR
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Preparatory Events
• Grandmother, St Olga, was Christian (Orthodox)
• Martyrdom of two Christians (Fyodor and John)
• Offer by Emperor Basil II
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Political move: use religion to unite country
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Investigated three major religions
• Key statement about Byzantine Christianity
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Result: Cynical (power) & Actual (transformation)
ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY
BYZANTINE (EASTERN) EMPIRE
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Byzantine because of Byzantium
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Ruled by Christian Emperors for 1000 years
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Major enemy: Islam
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Symphony government
• Problem: Caesaropapism
• Caesaropapism is a political and religious system in which the political ruler
extends his authority into ecclesiastical and theological matters.
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Meanwhile, in the West, Europe was divided into many different nations, tribes, etc.,
• Religion is the only unifying factor
• Result: Roman papacy became the central power de facto
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Summary: Emperor influences church in East; Pope influences state in West
JUSTINIAN’S CAMPAIGNS
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Justinian tries to restore the old Roman Empire (complete chart)
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The threats to Justinian
• Persians (west)
• Bulgars (east)
• Slavs (north)
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What is the Codex Justinianus?
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What kind of temptress was Theodora?
JUSTINIAN’S CAMPAIGNS
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Justinian tries to restore the old Roman Empire (see chart below)
ICONS AND ICONOCLASM
NOT THESE ICONS
THESE
ICONS
AND THESE ICONS
AND MOST
ESPECIALLY,
THIS ICON
But why this icon?
ICONOCLAST CONTROVERSY
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What is an icon?
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Why is art necessary and helpful for worship?
• Worship/Adoration vs. Veneration/Honor
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What is an Iconoclast?
• “Icon-breaker”
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What is Iconoclasm?
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Why would these groups oppose icons? (complete chart)
• Monophysites
• Manichaean (Gnostics)
• Jews
• Muslims
ICONOCLAST CONTROVERSY
ICONOPHILES
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What is the Hypostatic Union?
• Jesus sanctifies material by becoming material
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The teaching of St John of Damascus
• God took on human nature in the Person of Jesus Christ. “He is the image of
the invisible God” (Col 1: 15), which provides implicit permission to depict
Christ’s human form. All such dignified and respectful depictions are
praiseworthy.
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How is the doctrine of creation denied by iconoclasm
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How is the use of icons a confession of the two natures in Christ?
RESOLVING THE DISPUTE
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The monks demonstrate the conservative nature of doctrine
• Most monks were adamantly opposed to iconoclasm. Some 300 monks were
put to death by Constantine V.
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Council of Nicaea II
• Empress Irene
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Triumph of Orthodoxy
THE CAROLINGIANS
THE CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
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Begins with Charles Martel (who stopped the Moors)
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His son, Pepin the Short (actually, Pepin the Younger), takes over next
• Carloman (son of Pepin) retires to the monastery in favor of his brother
PAPAL STATES
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What were the Papal States?
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What was unique about them for the Church?
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How long did the Church hold them?
THE CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
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An attempt to re-conquer and re-establish the Western Roman Empire
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Enemies
• Moors (west)
• Byzantine (east)
• Various Germanic tribes (north and east)
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Relationship with the Church (two views)
• Carolingians aligned with the church for political advantage
• The church promoted this dynasty for its own ends
• Popes believe that they established the Carolingians for their own
protection, and so the government must answer to the church
• Culminates in crowning of Charlemagne in 800 AD
CHARLEMAGNE
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Charlemagne = Carolus Magnus
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Reigns 769-814
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Holy Roman Emperor from 800-814
How did Charlemagne show his devotion to the Faith in his public and private life?
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Civic legislation modeled on the laws of the Church
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Church reforms, unity
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Privately, he prayed, fasted, and read the Bible daily.
Public and private problems
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Forced conversions
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Marriages, concubines
What was Charlemagne’s relationship with the Popes?
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Protected, rescued
CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE
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What did Charlemagne contribute to learning and art?
• Education and excellence
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What was the result of the Carolingian Renaissance?
• Classical texts revived
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Example: Alcuin
• Who is he?
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Complete “The Empire of Charlemagne” chart
GREAT SCHISM
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What are the two basic forms of Catholic Christianity?
• Latin
• Eastern
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Two basic Eastern churches
• Orthodox
• Eastern Rite Catholic
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Similarities
• Sacraments, Hierarchy, Christology, Salvation through Christ
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What major difference historically divided eastern and western Christianity?
• Complete Table Exercise VIII (plus)
ORTHODOX & CATHOLIC: DIFFERENCES
Area of Difference
Jurisdiction of Church
Status of Bishop of Rome
Relationship between
throne and altar
Relationship between
religious and laity
Worship Language
Selection of Bishops
Sign of the Cross
Salvation (emphasis)
Filioque
Eastern Church
Western Church
Major/Minor
ORTHODOX & CATHOLIC: DIFFERENCES
Area of Difference
Eastern Church
Western Church
Major/Minor
Jurisdiction of Church
Each patriarch rules
his own church
Pope rules all
Western churches
Minor
Status of Bishop of Rome
Primacy
Supremacy
Major
Relationship between
throne and altar
Caesaropapism
Throne serves church
Minor
Relationship between
religious and laity
Laity go to monastics
(only one order)
Religious go to laity
(many “work” orders)
Minor
Worship Language
Vernacular
Latin (until 1965)
Minor
Selection of Bishops
Elected by fellow
bishops
Appointed by Pope
Major
Sign of the Cross
Right to left
Left to right
Minor
Salvation (emphasis)
Theosis/Relationship
Forgiveness/Juridical
Minor
Filioque
Original Nicene Creed
Changes in 6th
century
Major
TWO MAJOR DIFFERENCES
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Role of Pope
• Key Question: What authority does the pope have?
• Eastern: Court of appeals; Call meetings; elder brother (see Acts 1)
• Western: Final approval on councils; appoints bishops
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Filioque
• From the Western perspective, why was Filioque added to the Nicene Creed?
HISTORIC DIFFICULTIES
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Who is Photius? And what was his issue with Rome?
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From the Eastern perspective, what were the two key objections to adding Filioque?
• Historical (Council of Chalcedon)
• Theological
• Three other differences between the Latin and the original Greek versions
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Territory
• Example: Bulgaria; Cyril & Methodius
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Result: Photius excommunicated the Latin Church for liturgical irregularities and
the insertion of Filioque into the Creed
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How is Caesaropapism shown in Photius’ case?
ATTEMPT TO PATCH UP DIFFICULTIES
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Why did Emperor Constantine IX want to establish peace with the West?
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Why was he unsuccessful?
• Patriarch Michael Cerularius, however, incited riots against the emperor’s call
for reconciliation, threatening civil war.
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What is an “Ecumenical Patriarch”?
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Objections to Rome:
• Celibate priesthood, beardless priests,
• Fasting on Saturday, the use of unleavened bread at Mass, eating meat with
blood, and omitting the Alleluia during Lent
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Meanness:
• Patriarch Michael Cerularius closed churches in Constantinople that followed
Western liturgical practices and allowed their consecrated hosts to be trampled
under foot