Chapter 7

The Passing of the Roman World and the Emergence of Medieval Civilization

The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine Diocletian (284 – 305) Divides Empire into four administrative units Constantine (306 – 337) Separation and Reform of Military and Civil Administration Army Enlarged to 500,000 men Foundation of Constantinople (Byzantium) New Economic and Social Policies based on coercion

Divisions of the Restored Roman Empire, c. 300

Transformation of the Roman World: The Role of the Germanic People End of the Western Empire Huns pressure Germanic tribes to move westward Visigoths • Sack of Rome (410) Burgundians Vandals Odoacer deposes last Roman Emperor (476)

Barbarian Migration and Invasion Routes

The Germanic Kingdoms The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy Theodoric (493 – 526) Byzantine Invasion (535 – 554) Lombard Invasion (568) The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain Coexistence between Romans and Germans Warrior Caste No procedure for choosing rulers The Frankish Kingdom Clovis (c. 482 – 511) • Converts to Catholic Christianity c. 500 Frankish Kingdom divided into 3 parts in 6th and 7th centuries Fusion of Gallo-Roman and Frankish Peoples Anglo-Saxon England Angles and Saxons invade England in early 5th century

The Society of the Germanic Peoples Germanic Law Blood Feud Wergeld Compurgation and Ordeal The Frankish Family and Marriage Family Center of Social Organization Marriage Engagement Ceremony Women

Development of the Christian Church Organization and Religious Disputes Bishops Heresy • Arianism • Council of Nicaea (325) The Power of the Pope Leader of the Western Christian Church Peter the Apostle, First Bishop Papa Pope Gregory I (590 – 604) • Papal States

The Spread of Christianity, A.D. 400-750

The Monks and Their Missions Monachus = one who lives alone Saint Antony (c. 250 – 350) Saint Simeon Stylite Benedictine Monasticism Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480 – c. 543) Benedictine Rule The Abbot (“father”) Nuns

Monks as Missionaries Irish Monasticism Saint Columba (521 – 597) Iona Roman Mission to England (Augustine the monk) Boniface (c. 680 – 755) mission to Frisia, Bavaria and Saxon

Women and Monasticism Saint Hilda founds monastery of Whitby (657) Leoba, a nun, founds Bischofsheim (Germany)

Christianity and Intellectual Life Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225) Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (354 – 430) The City of God Jerome (345 – 420) Translates Bible into Latin (“Latin Vulgate Bible”) Cassiodorus (c. 490 – c. 585) Divine and Human Readings Seven Liberal Arts Trivium Quadrivium

The Byzantine Empire The Reign of Justinian (527 – 565) Belisarius and the Restoration of the Roman Empire Corpus Iuris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”) Life in Constantinople: The Emperor’s Building Program • Rebuilt after riot in 532 • Commercial Center and Trade • Palace Complex  Church of Hagia Sophia (537)  Hippodrome

The Byzantine Empire in the Time of Justinian

From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire Problems left by Justinian Threats on the Frontiers Muslims • Battle of Yarmuk (636) Bulgars The Byzantine Empire Greek and Christian State Emperor Patriarch Split with the Western Germanic Kingdoms

The Library at Ephesus

The Rise of Islam The Arabs Bedouins (nomads) Allah – Ka’ba Mecca and Trade

Typical buildings in Sa'naa – Arabian Peninsula

Muhammad Muhammad (570 – 632) Born in Mecca – Caravan Manager Hegira (Journey to Medina in 622) Submission to the will of Allah Qur’an (Koran) 114 Chapters Five Pillars of Islam Shari’a (Islamic Law)

The Expansion of Islam

The Spread of Islam Abu Bakr becomes caliph (632) Razzia Jihad Attacks against Byzantines and Persians Assassination of Caliph Ali Muawiya becomes caliph (661) Umayyad Dinasty Damascus becomes capital Shi’ites, followers of Ali Sunnites, supporters of the Umayyads Conquer North Africa and much of Spain Battle of Tours (732) Attack on Constantinople and defeat (717 – 718)

Ceiling of the Mihrab Chapel Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain.

Discussion Questions How did the Germanic tribes differ from the Romans?

What role did Constantine play in the expansion of the Christian Church in the Roman Empire?

Why was monasticism so important and influential in Europe during the first millennium? How successful was Christianity in converting the non Christian peoples of Europe?

What was the place of women in the Christian world in the early middle ages?

What was Justinian’s impact on the history of the Byzantine Empire?

Why was Islam able to expand so quickly and widely?

Web Links Bodies of the Bogs The Sutton Hoo Society Virtual Tour of monasteries Augustine of Hippo Hagia Sophia - Mother of Churches Byzantine Studies on the Internet Exploring Ancient World Cultures – Islam The Rightly Guided Caliphs