Transcript Chapter 3

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Babies and
small
human
beings!
Chapter 3
Infancy and
Childhood
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Section 1 - Objective
Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
Understand
that as
infants grow physically,
they also develop
cognitive skills,
perceptions, and
language.
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Define the following vocab words:
 Developmental
Psychology
 Grasping
 Rooting
Reflex
Reflex
 Maturation
 Telegraphic
speech
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What are the 3 issues developmental
psychologists look at?
1)
Continuity vs. stages of
development
2)
Stability vs. Change
3)
Nature vs. Nurture
 Explain
each of these
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What ways are
capacities measured
in newborns?
Sucking
Turning Head
Looking at/for things
Cry
Smile
Show fright or
surprise
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Diagram the
Maturation
timetable.
This can be
found on page
64 Figure 3.2
 This
timeline indicates
the amount of time it
should take an infant to
learn simple skills, such
as: motor functions, body
support, pulling up,
crawling, creeping, and
walking.
 These
are the first signs
of intelligence, along
with the ability to speak
and understand words.
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What could cause this timetable to
be thrown off?
Underfed
Restriction
Movement
Deprivation
of
of Human
Contact
Under
of
Over
stimulation
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What does the visual cliff
experiment teach us?
Explain
Infants
What
this experiment.
learn through experience.
are some other examples
of this concept?
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What is one of the 1st signs of great
intellectual development?

The acquisition of language.

This is seen by scientists as the only real way to tell if a young
child has a high intellectual capacity. Any other tests could be
skewed by muscular development or some other intervening
variable.

Are there any intervening variables that might alter these results.
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How do animals talk to humans,
and what makes it different?
 They
uses symbols to communicate simple ideas
with human beings. Most often this is done with
sign language. Examples of this can be seen with
primates learning and using sign language.
 While
animals can learn simple sign language,
they can not use grammar properly. This is due to
the animals brain not having the capacity for this.
They will make very simple sentences.
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Student
What are the steps for
learning a language?
étudiant
1 Learn to make
the signs (symbols)
2 Learn meaning
of signs (symbols)
3 Learn grammar
allievo
студент
學生
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1st year- Babbling sounds
2nd year- vocab of 5 to 15 hundred
words
3rd year- use 2 word phrases/
Simple grammar
4th year- use of future tense/ ask
questions in adult form
5th year- accumulate 5 -10 vocab
words daily / complex clause
Outline a child’s language development form 1 year old
to 5 years old.
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Section 1 Recap
Physical, Perceptual,
and Language
Development
Main Idea: Infants are
born equipped to
experience the world. As
infants grow physically,
they also develop
perceptions and
language.

■ Some psychologists believe that
most behaviors are the result of
genetics—nature. Others believe that
most behaviors are the result of
experience and learning—nurture.

■ The newborn is capable of certain
inherited, automatic, coordinated
movement patterns, called reflexes,
which are triggered by the right
stimulus.

■ Infants experience rapid
development through maturation and
learning.

■ Depth perception increases in older
infants.

■ There are several steps involved in
learning language.
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Section 2 - Objective
Cognitive and Emotional Development
Discuss
how as the thought
processes of children
develop, they begin to
think, communicate and
relate with others, and
solve problems.
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Define the following vocab words:

Schema

Representational thought

Assimilation
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Conservation
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Accommodation
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Egocentric
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Object permanence

Imprinting
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Critical Period
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What 2 things are intellectual
development based on?
Quantitative
Changes
This is the
amount of
information
Qualitative
Changes
This is the
manner of
thinking
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How are assimilation and
accommodation different?
Assimilation
Accommodation
Uses
Alters
a preexisting
schemas
schema to
new information
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Outline the stages of object
permanence.

1-7 months Thinks object ceases to exist

7-12 months will look in close proximity to its last
appearance
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12-18 months Looks in last place seen
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18-24 months looks to find in complex places, knows it is
still there
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Give an example of conservation
development.
This
is when a child can not think
about height and width at the
same time. See the example by
Piaget in the chapter on page 73.
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Chart Piaget’s stages of Cognitive
Development.
Sensorimotor (0-2) Motor responses to stimuli,
no object permanence
Preoperational (2-7) Egocentric thinking, lacks
conservation, uses symbols to solve simple
problems
Concrete operational (7-11) Starts learning
conservation, trouble with abstract ideas, can
classify, masters conservation
Formal operational (11-adult) Understands
abstract ideas & hypothetical situations, capable
of logical & deductive reasoning
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Explain Harlow’s experiment.
What does it tell us?
Explanation
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Monkeys were removed from
their mothers at birth and
placed with other infant
monkeys in captivity. They were
subjected to loud noises and
flashing lights, to create fear, to
see which artificial mother they
would move to. One mother was
made of steel wires and had
food, the other was covered with
terry cloth and had no food.
The majority of the monkeys
went to the monkey covered
with terry cloth.
How this is related to humans

Like the monkeys children will
seek out comfort. This is also
the case for adults. This helps
to explain the importance of
touching and human contact.

Coach Simpson will now
explain why this is important
to you and your future children
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May the supreme being
help us all if you
procreate!
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Outline attachment in human
infants.
6 months 1 signs of attachment
6 months -3 years deep, caring, &enduring
emotional bonds
3 years- adult can remember &imagine
mother/ can even have relationship in her
absence
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Explain each of the following:
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Secure Attachment
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Needs to be close, but will
explore (will come back to)
Resistance Attachment
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Does not care when left
alone, but are angry upon
return
Avoidant Attachment
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
Disapprove of mother
leaving (ignore when she
comes back)
Disorganized Attachment
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Confused and act
inconsistently
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Section 2 Recap
Cognitive and
Emotional
Development
Main Idea: As the
thought processes of
children develop,
they begin to think,
communicate and
relate with others,
and solve problems.
Children’s knowledge of
the world changes through
the processes of assimilation
and accommodation.
■
Piaget described the
changes that occur in
children’s understanding in
four stages of cognitive
development.
■
Infants begin to develop
emotionally by attaching to
specific people, usually their
mothers.
■
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Section 3 - Objective
Parenting Styles and Social Development
Describe
the social
decisions children face as
they grow and progress
through the stages of life.
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Define the following vocab words:
Authoritarian
family
Democratic
Family
Permissive
Laissez-faire
family
Socialization
Identification
Sublimation
Role Taking
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What type of
family are you
from?
Answer using a TV
family
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Why are children from
democratic/authoritarian families more
confident?
Establishment
Response
of limits of children
to children with warmth
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What causes children of democratic
families to make decisions better than
others?
1)
Assumptions of responsibility are
gradual
2)
Identify with parents  they do not
treat as incompetent
3)
Parents present a model of
responsible, cooperative, and
independence to be imitated
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Summarize the section on child
abuse.
 Causes:
 Formerly

abused
parents
 Low patientce level
 Unrealistic
expectations
 Stress
 Children less
responsive & more
difficult to care for
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Effects:
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Child has loss trust
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Guilt
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Anti-social behavior
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Depression/ Emotional
Problems
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Identity crisis/ Low self
esteem
Reduction:
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Parent Education
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Child Abuse laws
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What are the dimensions of
socialization?
 1st
Learning the
rules
 2nd
Acquiring
identities
 3rd
Living with others
& yourself
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Diagram Freud’s Stages of
Psychosexual Development.
Oral - Weening
Genital – giving
pleasure = getting
pleasure
Latency – sexual desires
pushed away
Anal – Potty Training
Phallic – competition
w/ same sex parent
See also Figure 3.13 on page 82 in textbook
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Diagram Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosexual Development.
Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust
• Early infancy – Is my world predictable and
supportive?
Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame &
Doubt
• 1 – 3 years old – Can I do things myself or
must I rely on others?
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Diagram Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosexual Development.
Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt
• 3 – 6 years old – Am I good or bad?
Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority
• 6 – 12 years old – Am I successful or
worthless?
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Diagram Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosexual Development.
Stage 5 – Identity vs. Role
confusion
• Early teens – Who am I?
Stage 6 – Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Young adult – Shall I share my life with
someone or live alone?
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Diagram Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosexual Development.
Stage 7 – Generativity vs.
Stagnation
• Middle adult – Will I succeed in life?
Stage 8 – Ego integrity vs.
Despair
• Older adult - Have I lived a full life?
See also Figue 3.14 on page 84 in your textbook
+ Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral
Development. Give an example for each
stage.
Pre-Conventional
Reference
Group
Example
1
Obedience
&
Punishment
Self
It is ok to
steal if you
do not get
caught
2
Instrumental
relativist
Immediate
family
Stealing
helps his
family
Stages
Orientation
+ Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral
Development. Give an example for each
stage.
Conventional
Stages
3
4
Reference
Group
Example
Good
boy/Nice girl
Extended
family
His in-laws
will respect
him if he
steals the
drug
Law & order
Self serving
view of
society
It is illegal to
steal
Orientation
+ Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral
Development. Give an example for each
stage.
Post-Conventional
Stages
5
6
Reference
Group
Example
Social contract
Interactive
view of society
Ok to steal
because your
are being over
charged
Universal
ethics
principle
Balanced
cost/benefit
analysis of
self/society
If the situation
was reversed,
Would it be ok
for him to steal
from me?
Orientation
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Section 3 Recap
Parenting Styles and
Social Development
Main Idea: Children
face various social
decisions as they
grow and progress
through the stages of
life.

■ There are four basic parenting styles—
authoritarian, democratic or authoritative,
permissive or laissez-faire, and
uninvolved.

■ Socialization is the process of learning
the rules of behavior of one’s culture.

■ Freud’s theory of psychosexual
development suggests that all children
are born with powerful sexual and
aggressive urges, and in learning to
control these impulses, children acquire a
sense of right and wrong.

■ Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development suggests that the need for
social approval is important.

■ The cognitive-developmental theories
of development suggest that social
development is the result of the child
trying to make sense out of his
experiences.
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■ Kohlberg suggested that humans
progress through six stages of moral
reasoning.