Transcript Psychology and You

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and
Language Development
Section 2: Cognitive and Emotional
Development
Section 3: Parenting Styles and
Social Development
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Physical, Perceptual, and
Language Development
Understand that as infants grow
physically, they also develop cognitive
skills, perceptions, and language.
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Cognitive and Emotional
Development
Discuss how as the thought processes of
children develop, they begin to think,
communicate and relate with others, and
solve problems.
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Parenting Styles and Social
Development
Describe the social decisions children
face as they grow and progress through
the stages of life.
Main Idea
Infants are born equipped to experience the
world. As infants grow physically, they also
develop cognitive skills, perceptions, and
language.
Vocabulary
• developmental psychology
• grasping reflex
• rooting reflex
• maturation
• telegraphic speech
Objectives
• Describe the physical and perceptual
development of newborns and children.
• Discuss the development of language.
How old are you in your earliest
childhood memory?
A. One or two
B. Three or four
C. Five
D. Six or older
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Nature and Nurture
• Developmental psychology—the study
of changes that occur as an individual
matures.
• Developmental psychologists study:
– Continuity versus stages of development
– Stability versus change
– Nature versus nurture
Do you believe that our behavior is
inherited or due to the environment
around us?
A. Inherited
B. Environment
C. Both
D. Not sure
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Newborns
• Babies are born with certain reflexes:
– Grasping reflex
– Rooting reflex
Which of the following is NOT typical
of a newborn?
A. Crying
B. Talking
C. Sucking
D. Sleeping
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Physical Development
• Within two years an infant transforms into
a little boy or girl with many capabilities.
• This is due to:
– Maturation
– Learning—a relatively permanent
change in behavior that occurs as a
result of experience.
Physical Development (cont.)
• Psychologists have been able to develop an
approximate timetable for maturation, which
helps doctors and other professionals spot
problems.
• Each child is unique, so the age range on
some milestones varies.
Physical and Motor
Development
At what age would you expect an
infant to start crawling?
A. 8–9 months
B. 10–11 months
C. 12 months or more
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Perceptual Development
• Newborns have mature perception skills.
– They prefer human faces and patterned
materials.
– They benefit from being held and touched
by their parents.
– Infants older than 6 months display depth
perception.
The Visual Preferences
of Infants
At what age do newborns display
depth perception?
A. 3 months
B. 6 months
C. 9 months
D. 12 months
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Development of Language
• Chimpanzees develop at least as far as a
2 year-old-human; however, they cannot
apply grammatical rules.
• Grammar—a set of rules for combining
words into phrases and sentences to
express an infinite number of thoughts that
can be understood by others.
The Development of Language (cont.)
• Psychologists argue over whether
language is reinforced or inborn.
• Some people also claim that there is a
window of opportunity for learning
language.
The Development of Language (cont.)
• Steps to learning language:
– A person must learn to make signs,
either by hand or mouth.
– He or she must learn the meaning of the
signs.
– Then he or she must learn grammar.
The Development of Language (cont.)
• At the age of 2, a child’s language is
known as telegraphic speech—the kind of
verbal utterances in which words are left
out, but the meaning is usually clear.
• Once children begin to learn grammatical
rules, they tend to overgeneralize those
rules until they truly understand them.
The Flowering of
Language
Do you think that language is learned,
innate, or both?
A. Learned
B. Innate
C. Both
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Main Idea
As the thought processes of children
develop, they begin to think, communicate
and relate with others, and solve problems.
Vocabulary
• schema
• egocentric
• assimilation
• imprinting
• accommodation
• critical period
• object permanence
• representational thought
• conservation
Objectives
• Summarize the cognitive-development
theory.
• Discuss how children develop emotionally.
What age do you think babies start
communicating?
A. Immediately after birth
B. After 3 months
C. After 6 months
D. After 1 year
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget believed that intelligence, or
the ability to understand, develops
gradually as the child grows.
• Intellectual development involves:
– Quantitative changes (growth in the
amount of information)
– Qualitative changes (differences in the
manner of thinking)
Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development (cont.)
• A schema is a conceptual framework a
person uses to make sense of the world.
• Assimilation and accommodation work
together to produce intellectual growth.
• When events do not fit into an existing
schema, a new one must be formed.
Cognitive Development (cont.)
• Object permanence is a big step in a
child’s second year of life.
• Achieving object permanence usually
signifies representational thought.
• The realization of conservation occurs
between the ages of 5 and 7.
• Before the age of 5, children are
egocentric.
Tasks to Measure
Conservation
Cognitive Development (cont.)
• Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
– Sensorimotor stage—the infant uses
schema that primarily involve his body
and sensations.
– Preoperational stage—the child begins
to use mental images and symbols to
understand things.
Cognitive Development (cont.)
– Concrete operations stage—children are
able to use logical schemas, but their
understanding is limited to concrete
objects.
– Formal operations stage—the person is
able to solve abstract problems.
Piaget’s Stages of
Cognitive Development
At which stage does a child master
the concept of conservation?
A. Sensorimotor
B. Preoperational
C. Concrete operations
D. Formal operations
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A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Emotional Development
• Konrad Lorenz experimented with baby
geese.
• He learned that 13 to 16 hours after birth is
a critical period in which the animals
imprint on the first thing they see (usually
their mother).
Emotional Development (cont.)
• Harry Harlow concluded that monkeys
clung to their mothers because of the need
for contact comfort, not necessarily food.
• Some psychologist also believe that
human babies form an attachment to their
mothers around 6 months.
Emotional Development (cont.)
• Stranger anxiety—the fear of strangers
that infants commonly display.
• Separation anxiety—distress that is
sometimes experienced by infants when
they are separated from their primary
caregivers.
Emotional Development (cont.)
• Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby devised
a technique called the Strange Situation to
measure attachment.
Emotional Development (cont.)
• Patterns of attachment include:
– Secure attachment
– Avoidant attachment
– Resistant attachment
– Disorganized attachment
Which psychologist studied the
relationship between mother and
child using monkeys?
A. Lorenz
B. Harlow
C. Ainsworth
D. Piaget
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A
A.
B.
C.
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D.
B
A
B
C
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D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
Children face various social decisions as
they grow and progress through the stages
of life.
Vocabulary
• authoritarian family
• democratic/authoritative family
• permissive/laissez-faire family
• socialization
• identification
• sublimation
• role taking
Objectives
• Describe theories of social development.
• Outline Kohlberg’s stages of moral
reasoning.
Has the style in which you were
raised affected you?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Parenting Styles
• Distinct styles of parenting:
– Authoritarian family
– Democratic/authoritative family
– Permissive/laissez-faire family
– Uninvolved parents
Parenting Styles (cont.)
• Children who grow up in the democratic
family setting seem to be more confident
than other young people.
– The parents establish limits for the child.
– They also respond to the child with
warmth and support.
Parenting Styles (cont.)
• The results of a democratic family setting
include:
– The child is able to assume responsibility
gradually.
– The child is more likely to identify with
parents who love and respect him or her.
Which style of parenting do you think
is the most effective?
A. Authoritarian
B. Democratic/authoritative
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Uninvolved
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Permissive/laissez-faire
Child Abuse
• Child abuse includes:
– Physical or mental injury
– Sexual abuse
– Negligent treatment
– Mistreatment of children under the age
of 18 by adults entrusted with their care
Child Abuse (cont.)
• Reasons for abuse:
– The abusive parents where abused as
children.
– Parents are overburdened and stressed.
– The children are high maintenance or
mentally/physically challenged.
– Social-cultural stresses present
obstacles.
Child Abuse (cont.)
• Abuse can have many developmental
effects on the victims.
• Every state has social service agencies
that intervene when abuse is discovered.
What is an effect of abuse on a child?
A. Antisocial behavior
B. Depression
C. Loss of self-esteem
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Social Development
• Socialization is the process of learning
the rules of behavior of the culture within
which an individual is born and will live.
Social Development (cont.)
• Freud’s theory of psychosexual development:
– Oral stage
– Anal stage
– Phallic stage
– Latency stage
– Genital stage
Freud’s Stages of
Psychosexual Development
Social Development (cont.)
– During the phallic stage, the child wants to
claim the parent of the opposite sex for
him or herself, but then begins the process
of identification (a child adopts the values
and principles of the same-sex parent).
– During the latency stage, the child learns
the process of sublimation.
Social Development (cont.)
• Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development is based on life periods in which
an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires
associated with social needs.
Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
Social Development (cont.)
• Freud and Erikson believe that learning
social rules is innate.
• Many psychologists believe that that social
development is a matter of conditioning
and imitation.
Social Development (cont.)
• Cognitive theorists view social development
as a result of a child’s acting on the
environment and trying to make sense out of
his experience.
• Game playing is one way that children learn
such as role taking.
Social Development (cont.)
• Lawrence Kohlberg conducted studies to
show how important being able to see
other people’s points of view is to social
and moral development.
Kohlberg’s Stages of
Moral Development
Social Development (cont.)
• Stages of moral development:
– Stage one—Children are egocentric.
– Stage two—Children have a better idea of
how to receive rewards as well as to avoid
punishment; they act in terms of
consequences.
– Stage three—Children become acutely
sensitive to what other people want and
think.
Social Development (cont.)
– Stage four—Children are concerned with
law and order and less with approval of
others.
– Stage five—People are concerned with
whether the law is fair or just.
– Stage six—People accept ethical
principles that apply to everyone.
According to Erikson, which stage
does the following question fall
under: “Will I succeed in life?”
A. Stage 1—trust vs. mistrust
B. Stage 3—industry vs. inferiority
0%
D
C
B
D. Stage 8—ego integrity vs.
despair
A. A
B. B
0%C.0%C 0%
D. D
A
C. Stage 7—generativity vs.
stagnation
Physical and Motor Development
Although different infants achieve milestones in motor development at slightly
different ages, all infants achieve them in essentially the same order. This chart
shows the average ages when milestones are usually achieved.
The Visual Preferences of Adults
Three- or four-month-old infants show a strong preference for faces and patterns,
suggesting that infants are born with and develop visual preferences.
The Flowering of Language
Between the ages of 2 and 5, the typical child learns an average of 10 words a
day–nearly one word every hour awake!
Tasks to Measure Conservation
The concept of conservation can be used to show that children think less logically
than adults do. Children in the preoperational stage so not understand that the
property of a substance remains the same although its appearance may change.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Piaget stressed that the active role of the child in gaining knowledge. He also stressed
the differences in the way a child thinks during different stages of maturity.
Freud’s Stages of
Psychosexual Development
According to Freud, there is often
conflict between child and parent. The
conflict occurs because the child wants
immediate gratification of needs while
the parent restricts that gratification in
some way.
Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
According to Erikson, a child
encounters a psychosocial challenge
at each stage. If the child successfully
resolves the issue, the child develops
a positive social trait and progresses
to the next stage.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Each stage of Kohlberg’s theory is cognitively more complex than the last.
Jean Piaget
1896–1980
“[T]he child no longer tends to
approach the state of
adulthood by receiving reason
and the rules of right action
ready-made, but by achieving
them with his own effort and
personal experience; in return
society expects more of its
new generations than mere
imitation: it expects
enrichment.”
Chapter Concepts
Transparencies
Stages of Language Acquisition
Types of Attachment in Children
Select a transparency to view.
developmental psychology: the study
of changes that occur as an individual
matures
grasping reflex: an infant’s clinging
response to a touch on the palm of his or
her hand
rooting reflex: an infant’s response in
turning toward the source of touching
that occurs anywhere around his or her
mouth
maturation: the internally programmed
growth of a child
telegraphic speech: the kind of verbal
utterances in which words are left out,
but the meaning is usually clear
schema: a conceptual frame-work a
person uses to make sense of the world
assimilation: the process of fitting
objects and experiences into one’s
schemas
accommodation: the adjustment of
one’s schemas to include newly
observed events and experiences
object permanence: a child’s realization
that an object exists even when he or
she cannot see or touch it
representational thought: the
intellectual ability of a child to picture
something in his or her mind
conservation: the principle that a given
quantity does not change when its
appearance is changed
egocentric: a young child’s inability to
understand another person’s perspective
imprinting: inherited tendency of some
newborn animals to follow the first
moving object they see
critical period: a specific time in
development when certain skills or
abilities are most easily learned
authoritarian family: parents attempt to
control, shape, and evaluate the
behavior and attitudes of children and
adolescents in accordance with a set
code of conduct
democratic/authoritarian family:
children and adolescents participate in
decisions affecting their lives
permissive/laissez-faire family:
children and adolescents have the final
say; parents are less controlling and
have a non-punishing, accepting attitude
toward children
socialization: the process of learning
the rules of behavior of the culture within
which an individual is born and will live
identification: the process by which a
child adopts the values and principles of
the same-sex parent
sublimation: the process by redirecting
sexual impulses into leaning tasks
role taking: children’s play that involves
assuming adult roles, thus enabling the
child to experience different points of
review
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