Transcript A short consideration:

APARTHEID
by Julia Pasqualini
A foreword
Life was born in Africa
more precisely in Ethiopia
but
The whole of Africa was colonised
and abused by the white man.
Why ?
Africans
were thought
to be
“uncivilised”
whites considered
themselves superior
to every other “race”
the white man was
chosen by God and
blacks were a subservient
species.
• a
real motivations were based on economical considerations
Are we really different?
Apartheid: an old idea, a new term
• Apartheid was a form
of segregation based
on racial differences
launched by Malan.
• It became a law in
1948 with the
National Party.
• Declared to be
a“crime against
humanity” in 1972
Motivations
Ideological motivations
Each racial group will
have the possibility of
enhancing their culture
and traditions
Real motivations
Real motivations were
based on economic
considerations
Botha’s speech (1980)
What are the main features of
apartheid?
Inkata party for freedom
National Party
A.N.C
Black consciousness movement
Umkhoto we Sizwe
National Party
• The party ruling from 1948 to 1994
imposed apartheid on South Africa.
• N.P imposed also the segregation of
blacks in reserved areas called
“bantustan” * or “homeland”.
*Natives were called Bantù by whites
A.N.C & Umkhoto we Sizwe
• A.N.C promoted a policy characterized by
the presence of democratic and anti-racial
-segregation elements. It was inspired by
Gandhi’s non-violence movements.
• Some important personalities like Nelson
Mandela belonged to A.N.C
Umkhoto we Sizwe
• When A.N.C was banned, Mandela
launched an armed struggle by forming
“Umkhoto we Sizwe” also known as MK.
So MK represented the armed wing of the ANC
Inkata party for freedom
• An illegal party, which opposed the A.N.C
on tribal issues.
• They also created concentration camps
where the spies of the government where
tortured and killed
Black consciousness movement
• A protest
movement of
black university
students led by
Steve Biko
Resistance and repression
• During the1960s and 1970s black
university students began to react against
the government. The most important
leader was Steve Biko a very charismatic
figure
• He became a martyr and a symbol of
black resistance to the oppressive regime.
• Massacre of Soweto 1976
What measures were adopted by
the National Party?
• 1913-1936 reserves were created for
blacks
• 1948-1951 3, 5 million people were
transported in “Bantustans”
• 1959: N.P deliberated “The different
development”
• 1960: creation of “Pass Law” and of
different rights.
What apartheid entailed
…
Times of change:
from 1989 to 1994
• De Klerk understood that apartheid must
be abolished.
• In 1991 he decided to make a referendum
to re-write the Constitution and to abolish
racial segregation.
• In February 1993 Chris Hani was killed.
• 1994 Mandela and De Klerk received the
Nobel prize for peace.
• 1994 South Africa’s first free elections