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بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم روشها ي تدریس در آموزش عالي دكتر مهدي محمدي –استاديار دانشگاه شيراز شگاه شيراز هرم یادگيری 10% of what we read • 20% of what we hear • 30% of what we see • 50% of what we see and • hear 70% of what we say • 90% of what we • say and do تا با چشم خودم نبینم باورم نمیشه آنچه در واقعیت اتفاق افتاده است Advanced Organizational Behavior Management Dr.Varzeshkar Ahmad.2010 6 ایتالیایی ها Advanced Organizational Behavior Management Dr.Varzeshkar Ahmad.2010 7 فرانسوی ها Advanced Organizational Behavior Management Dr.Varzeshkar Ahmad.2010 8 ژاپنی ها Advanced Organizational Behavior Management Dr.Varzeshkar Ahmad.2010 9 PAN DE MUERTOS PAN DE MUERTOS Perception Perception C B A كدام خط راست است؟ Perception A B C Perception Perception Perception Perception Perception It ... Perception Perception خطاها و تعصبات ادراکی متداول در تصمیم گیری اثر هاله ای ادراک کلیشه ای اثر ِگلم اثر پیگمالیون و اثر گاالتیا فرافکنی اثر مالیمت و تمایل به مرکزیت اثر منسانی اثر مقایسه ای اثر تقدم و تأخر خطاهای ادراکی اطمینان بیش از حد تشدید تعهد توهم یا خطای پس گویی تمایل به تأیید خطای تکیه گاه-تعدیل 38 خطای دسترس ی و اثر قالب بندی خطای نمونه یا نماینده خطای شانس – خرافات How to become a professor your students will never forget! Predictability Vs Impact Greater Less Less Greater The greater the predictability, the less the impact 39 Learning objectives 1. What is teaching? 2. What is the purpose of teaching? 3. What is the process of teaching? 4. What are the qualities of good teaching? كاربرگ شماره 1 تدريس ،يادگيري و آموزش را تعريف نموده و تفاوت و رابطه بين آنها را توضيح دهيد تدریس چیست؟ • Teaching is a process intended for learning by inducing a behavioural change in the taught. • It is an art of communicating a message with impact on audience. • Pedagogy is an art or profession of teaching. Teaching Skills BRIDGE Content مشاهده گوش کردن Observing Listening توجه Attending Four Basic Skills Learners پرسیدن سوال Questioning Teaching or Facilitation Skills are the bridge between the content and learners مهارت ها و رفتارهای جلب توجه There are four attending behaviors to consider: 1. Face the learners. 2. Maintain appropriate eye contact. 3. Move toward the learners. 4. Avoid distracting behaviors. گام های مهارت مشاهده STEP 3 Take appropriate action. STEP 2 STEP 1 Try to determine the person’s feelings. Look at person’s face, body position, and body movements. Remember you need to “Monitor and Adjust” مهارت گوش کردن Listening involves two key steps: 1. Listening to the words being expressed. 2. Paraphrasing what was said to demonstrate understanding. Step 1: Listen to the Words There are major roadblocks to this step: • Internal distractions. • External distractions. Step 2: Paraphrase Paraphrasing requires you to verbally interact. The interaction is either to... • Get additional information. • Verify what you think was said. Questioning Skills There are three skills associated with the questioning process: 1. Asking questions. 2. Handling answers to questions. 3. Responding to questions. Questioning techniques • • • • • • Questions that seek clarification include: Can you explain that? What do you mean by...? Can you give me an example of...? How does that help us? Does anyone have a question to ask? Questioning techniques • • • • • Questions that look for reasons and evidence include: Why do you think that? How do we know that? What are your reasons? What evidence do you have? Questioning techniques • • • • • • Questions that explore alternatives include: Can you put that another way? Is there another point of view? What if someone were to suggest that...? What might someone who disagrees say? What difference is there between those points of view? Questioning techniques • • • • • Questions that consider implications and consequences include: What might happen if...? What might be the consequence of that? Does that agree with what we said earlier? How can we tell if it’s true? Questioning techniques • • • • • Questions that pull things together include: Where have we got to? Can anyone summarise so far? How does that connect to...? Are we any closer to solving the problem? فرایند تدریس؟؟؟؟؟ چرا تدریس؟ • Teaching creates knowledge awareness and feelings in the taught and brings about behavioral change. Teaching process • Faculty • Well prepared Message (CABS) CLEAR, ACCURATE BRIEF SPECIFIC • No Communication barriers Taught SENSITIZED AND RECEPTIVE Learning cycle PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN COGNITIVE DOMAIN KNOWING KNOWLEDGE BEING ATTITUDE TEACHING AFFECTIVE DOMAIN DOING PRACTICE Principles of good teaching practice Good practice encourages student-faculty contact Good practice encourages cooperation among students Good practice encourages active learning Good practice gives prompt feedback Good practice emphasizes time on task Good practice communicates high expectations Good practice respects diverse talents and ways of learning كاربرگ شماره 2 تدریس علم است یا هنر Creative Teaching – Science or Art? What is SHAPE? Presentation Style A Metaphor for the underlying syntax ‘the art’ - of Creative Teaching The Power of SHAPE “We understand everything in human life through stories” (Jean-Paul Sartre) “Humour is by far the most significant behaviour of the brain” (Edward De Bono) “Learning activities are the best and most productive way to learn” (Lambert and Coombs) “The meaning of your communication is the response that you get” (Bandler & Grinder) “A fine example nurtures learners, enhancing their concentration and effort” (Wlodkowski) Using SHAPE to Shape the learning experience • Stories told to provide context, understanding and emotional anchors • Humour used to achieve rapport and provide novelty • Activities provided to integrate, apply and consolidate learning • Presentation style employed (e.g., words, tone, body language – as well as observation and listening) to provide clarity, meaning and influence student attention, beliefs and psychological states • Examples used to illustrate facts, concepts, principles, procedures …and use these Resources Creatively Developing your Creative Teaching Competence: • Desire to teach creatively • Understand the science and art of creative teaching • Develop a wide range of Resources, be able to Reframe and create interesting Strategies (get into great SHAPE) • Willingness to take some risks • Do it – Be the Best You Can (Total Pedagogy) مواد آموزش ی دانشجویان فعالیت چگونه تدریس کنیم؟ شرایط مکان محتوا طرح درس والسالم